Subclavian Steal Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr N Srikantiya Indira , Vascular Endovascular Surgeon

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Subclavian Steal Syndrome occurs when there is a blockage or narrowing in the subclavian artery, which is one of the major arteries that supply blood to the arms and brain. This blockage causes blood to flow backward (or "steal") from the vertebral artery to the subclavian artery, leading to reduced blood flow to the brain and upper extremities.

What Are the Symptoms of Subclavian Steal Syndrome?

Subclavian Steal Syndrome (SSS) is a condition that affects blood flow to certain parts of the body, leading to a variety of symptoms. The symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the blockage and the amount of blood flow that is affected. Some common symptoms include:

Dizziness and Vertigo

One of the most common symptoms of SSS is dizziness or vertigo. This occurs because the reduced blood flow to the brain can affect the balance centers located in the inner ear.

Arm Pain and Weakness

Patients with SSS may experience pain, weakness, or cramping in the affected arm, especially during physical activity. This is due to the reduced blood flow to the muscles and tissues in the arm.

Visual Disturbances

Blurred vision or temporary loss of vision can occur as a result of decreased blood flow to the brain.

Neurological Symptoms

In some cases, patients may experience neurological symptoms such as confusion, difficulty speaking, or even transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), which are often referred to as "mini-strokes."

Other Symptoms

Other symptoms can include numbness or tingling in the hands and fingers, as well as a cold sensation in the affected arm.

What Causes Subclavian Steal Syndrome?

SSS is typically caused by atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the arteries. This plaque can narrow or block the subclavian artery, leading to the symptoms of SSS. Other possible causes include:

Congenital Abnormalities: Some people are born with abnormalities in their arteries that can lead to SSS.
Trauma: Injury to the subclavian artery can cause narrowing or blockage.
Inflammatory Diseases: Conditions such as arteritis can cause inflammation and narrowing of the arteries.

When Should You See a Doctor for Subclavian Steal Syndrome?

Seek medical attention from a vascular surgeon is important if symptoms suggest reduced blood flow.

Frequent dizziness or vertigo
Arm pain during activity
Vision problems or confusion
Weakness or numbness in limbs

Early diagnosis and treatment can help improve blood flow and reduce complications.

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How Is Subclavian Steal Syndrome Diagnosed?

Diagnosing SSS involves a combination of physical exams, imaging tests, and sometimes specialized tests. Here are some common methods used to diagnose SSS:

Physical Examination

During a physical exam, a doctor may listen for abnormal sounds (bruits) in the subclavian artery using a stethoscope. They may also check for differences in blood pressure between the two arms.

Ultrasound

An ultrasound can be used to visualize blood flow in the arteries and identify any blockages or narrowing. This is often one of the first tests used in diagnosing SSS.

CT or MRI Angiography

These imaging tests provide detailed pictures of the blood vessels and can help pinpoint the location and extent of the blockage.

Doppler Ultrasound

A Doppler ultrasound specifically measures blood flow and can provide additional information about the severity of the blockage.

Blood Pressure Measurements

A significant difference in blood pressure readings between the two arms can be a sign of SSS.

What Are the Treatment Options for Subclavian Steal Syndrome?

The treatment for Subclavian Steal Syndrome (SSS) depends on the severity of the symptoms and the extent of the blockage. Here are some common treatment options:

Lifestyle Changes

For mild cases of SSS, lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly can help improve blood flow and reduce symptoms.

Medications

Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. These can include blood thinners, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and medications to control blood pressure.

Surgery

In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to restore proper blood flow. Some surgical options include:

Angioplasty and Stenting: A minimally invasive procedure where a balloon is used to open up the blocked artery, and a stent is placed to keep it open.
Bypass Surgery: This involves creating a new pathway for blood to flow around the blocked artery.

Endarterectomy

This surgical procedure involves removing the plaque buildup from the artery to restore normal blood flow.

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How Can Subclavian Steal Syndrome Be Prevented?

Preventing SSS involves addressing the risk factors that contribute to the condition. Here are some steps you can take to reduce your risk:

Maintain a Healthy Diet: Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help keep your arteries healthy.
Exercise Regularly: Regular physical activity can improve blood flow and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.
Avoid Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and can contribute to the development of SSS.
Manage Chronic Conditions: Conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol should be managed with the help of a healthcare provider.