Nephrocalcinosis: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Siddharth Herur , Nephrologists

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Nephrocalcinosis is a condition where calcium deposits accumulate in the kidneys. These deposits can affect the normal functioning of the kidneys and potentially lead to complications. The presence of calcium deposits in the kidneys can impact overall kidney health and may interfere with the organ's ability to properly filter waste and maintain the body's balance of fluids and electrolytes. This can have a negative impact on a person's overall health and well-being.

What are the Types of Nephrocalcinosis?

Nephrocalcinosis can manifest in various types or forms, each presenting distinct characteristics and implications on kidney health.

Dystrophic nephrocalcinosis: Deposits of calcium in the kidneys due to tissue damage, often seen in conditions like chronic kidney disease.
Medullary nephrocalcinosis: Calcium deposits primarily in the renal medulla, linked to genetic disorders or conditions affecting the kidney tubules.
Cortical nephrocalcinosis: Calcium accumulation in the outer kidney tissue, associated with hyperparathyroidism or excess vitamin D.
Mixed nephrocalcinosis: Combination of calcium deposits in both the renal cortex and medulla, seen in various metabolic disorders or renal diseases.
Tumoral nephrocalcinosis: Formation of calcified masses within the kidneys, usually due to benign or malignant tumors causing mineral deposition.

What are the Symptoms of Nephrocalcinosis?

Nephrocalcinosis may present with various symptoms related to kidney function and mineral deposits.

Blood in urine
Frequent urination
Pain in the back or sides
Kidney stones
Fever
Nausea and vomiting
Fatigue
Abdominal pain
Urinary tract infections
Kidney damage

What Causes Nephrocalcinosis?

Nephrocalcinosis can be caused by conditions that lead to high levels of calcium in the kidneys, such as hyperparathyroidism or certain genetic disorders.

Hyperparathyroidism
Renal tubular acidosis
Medullary sponge kidney
Distal renal tubular acidosis
Hyperoxaluria
Primary hyperoxaluria
Bartter syndrome
Vitamin D intoxication
Sarcoidosis
Hypercalcemia

When Should You See a Doctor for Nephrocalcinosis?

Consult a nephrologist (kidney specialist)if you experience symptoms that may indicate kidney calcification or recurrent kidney stones. Early diagnosis can help preserve kidney function and prevent complications.

Seek medical attention if you have:

Persistent pain in the back, side, or abdomen
Blood in the urine
Frequent or painful urination
Recurrent kidney stones
Repeated urinary tract infections
Fever with urinary symptoms
Nausea or vomiting accompanied by severe flank pain
Reduced urine output or signs of kidney dysfunction

Prompt evaluation with blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies can help identify the cause and guide appropriate treatment.

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How is Nephrocalcinosis Diagnosed?

Nephrocalcinosis is typically diagnosed through various imaging tests and laboratory evaluations to detect the presence of calcium deposits in the kidneys.

Imaging tests like ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI
Blood tests to check calcium and other mineral levels
Urine tests to measure levels of calcium and other substances
Kidney biopsy for more detailed analysis
Family history and physical examination.

What are the Treatment Options for Nephrocalcinosis?

Treatment for nephrocalcinosis aims to manage the underlying causes and prevent further calcium deposits in the kidneys.

Hydration: Increasing fluid intake helps prevent the formation of kidney stones and reduces calcium buildup in the kidneys.
Medication: Certain medications like thiazide diuretics or citrate supplements may be prescribed to manage calcium levels in the urine and prevent stone formation.
Dietary Changes: A lowsalt and lowoxalate diet can help prevent the accumulation of calcium deposits in the kidneys.
Treatment of Underlying Conditions: Managing underlying conditions such as hyperparathyroidism or renal tubular acidosis can help reduce the risk of nephrocalcinosis.
Monitoring and Regular Followup: Regular monitoring of kidney function and imaging studies can help track the progression of nephrocalcinosis and guide treatment decisions.

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What are the Risk Factors for Nephrocalcinosis?

Risk factors for nephrocalcinosis include a history of kidney stones, certain genetic disorders, excessive intake of calcium or vitamin D, dehydration, and certain medical conditions like hyperparathyroidism or renal tubular acidosis.

Family history of kidney stones
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperoxaluria
Renal tubular acidosis
Excessive intake of calcium or vitamin D
Certain medications like loop diuretics
Chronic kidney disease
Dehydration

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is nephrocalcinosis?

Nephrocalcinosis is a condition characterized by the presence of calcium deposits in the renal parenchyma, specifically in the kidney tubules.

2. What are the common causes of nephrocalcinosis?

Common causes of nephrocalcinosis include hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, medullary sponge kidney, and excessive intake of calcium or vitamin D.

3. What are the symptoms of nephrocalcinosis?

Symptoms of nephrocalcinosis may include flank pain, blood in the urine, frequent urination, and recurrent urinary tract infections.

4. How is nephrocalcinosis diagnosed?

Nephrocalcinosis is typically diagnosed through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to visualize calcium deposits in the kidneys.

5. What are the treatment options for nephrocalcinosis?

Treatment for nephrocalcinosis focuses on addressing the underlying cause and may involve lifestyle modifications, medications to manage calcium levels, and in severe cases, surgical intervention.