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Patient ReportsRowell Syndrome: What It Is and How It Is Treated
Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Saily Shejol , Dermatologists
Table of Contents
Rowell syndrome is a rare autoimmune skin disorder characterized by the coexistence of lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme-like skin lesions. It is considered an uncommon variant of cutaneous lupus rather than a separate disease. Most affected individuals also have characteristic autoimmune antibodies detected on blood tests.
Although the syndrome primarily affects the skin, some people may also have symptoms related to underlying lupus, including joint pain and involvement of other organs. Early diagnosis and treatment help control inflammation and reduce complications.
What Are the Types of Rowell Syndrome?
Rowell syndrome itself is not divided into distinct clinical subtypes. However, it may occur in association with different forms of lupus erythematosus.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-associated Rowell syndrome
- Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)-associated Rowell syndrome
- Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)-associated Rowell syndrome
What Are the Symptoms of Rowell Syndrome?
Symptoms usually include features of lupus along with erythema multiforme-like skin lesions.
- Target-shaped or red skin lesions
- Butterfly rash or other lupus-related skin rash
- Fever
- Joint pain and swelling
- Fatigue and malaise
- Itching or burning sensation of the skin
- Skin blistering or peeling in some cases
- Photosensitivity (skin worsening after sun exposure)
What Causes Rowell Syndrome?
The exact cause of Rowell syndrome remains unclear. It is believed to result from abnormal immune system activity in individuals with lupus. Certain triggers may contribute to flare-ups.
- Underlying lupus erythematosus
- Autoimmune immune system dysfunction
- Certain medications
- Viral or bacterial infections
- Sunlight (ultraviolet) exposure in susceptible individuals
When to See a Doctor for Rowell Syndrome?
Medical evaluation by a Dermatologist or Rheumatologist is recommended if target-shaped skin rashes, persistent lupus-related skin lesions, fever, joint pain, or blistering skin eruptions develop, especially in individuals with known lupus or other autoimmune diseases.
Consult a healthcare provider if you have:
- Persistent or spreading skin rash
- Photosensitive skin lesions
- Joint pain with skin changes
- Unexplained fever and fatigue
Seek immediate medical care if you experience:
- Extensive blistering or peeling skin
- Difficulty breathing or swallowing
- High fever with rapidly worsening rash
- Signs of severe lupus flare affecting major organs
Early diagnosis and treatment help control inflammation, reduce skin damage, and manage underlying autoimmune disease.
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How Is Rowell Syndrome Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, laboratory evaluation, and exclusion of other skin disorders.
- Detailed medical history and physical examination
- Skin biopsy
- Blood tests, including antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing
- Anti-Ro (SSA), anti-La (SSB), and rheumatoid factor testing when indicated
- Evaluation for systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases
How Is Rowell Syndrome Treated?
Treatment aims to control autoimmune inflammation, relieve symptoms, and prevent disease flares.
Topical Therapy
- Topical corticosteroids for localized skin lesions
- Moisturizers to protect damaged skin
Systemic Medications
- Oral corticosteroids for moderate or severe disease
- Antimalarial medications such as hydroxychloroquine for lupus management
- Immunosuppressive medications in severe or resistant cases
Supportive Care
- Sun protection with sunscreen and protective clothing
- Avoidance of known medication or environmental triggers
- Treatment of underlying infections when present
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What Are the Risk Factors for Rowell Syndrome?
Several factors may increase the likelihood of developing Rowell syndrome.
- Existing lupus erythematosus
- Other autoimmune diseases
- Female sex (more commonly affected)
- Certain medications
- Recent infections
- Sun exposure
- Genetic susceptibility to autoimmune disorders
What Are the Complications of Rowell Syndrome?
Complications are usually related to lupus or severe skin inflammation.
- Persistent or recurrent skin lesions
- Skin scarring or pigment changes
- Secondary skin infections
- Systemic lupus complications involving the kidneys, joints, or other organs
- Reduced quality of life due to chronic symptoms
Can Rowell Syndrome Be Prevented?
There is no guaranteed way to prevent Rowell syndrome. However, managing lupus effectively, avoiding excessive sun exposure, following prescribed medications, and identifying individual triggers may reduce the risk of flare-ups.
Living With Rowell Syndrome
Most people with Rowell syndrome can achieve good symptom control with appropriate treatment and regular follow-up. Long-term management includes monitoring for lupus activity, protecting the skin from ultraviolet exposure, adhering to prescribed medications, and maintaining regular visits with a dermatologist and rheumatologist to prevent complications and improve quality of life.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is Rowell syndrome?
Rowell syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by the co-existence of lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme.
2. What are the symptoms of Rowell syndrome?
Symptoms of Rowell syndrome include skin lesions, fever, joint pain, and systemic lupus erythematosus manifestations.
3. How is Rowell syndrome diagnosed?
Diagnosis of Rowell syndrome involves a physical examination, medical history review, skin biopsy, blood tests for autoantibodies, and evaluation of lupus markers.
4. What is the treatment for Rowell syndrome?
Treatment for Rowell syndrome typically involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, antimalarial medications, and supportive care for symptom management.
5. Is Rowell syndrome a life-threatening condition?
Rowell syndrome can be serious and may lead to complications if not properly managed; however, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, outcomes can be favorable.
