Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Symptoms, Causes and Women's Health Care

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Preetha Isloor , Gynecologists

Causes
Find a Doctor
Diagnosis
Treatment
FAQs
Book an Appointment

1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a condition that affects many women, yet it remains a topic often shrouded in misunderstanding and stigma. POP occurs when the pelvic floor muscles and supporting tissues can no longer adequately support the pelvic organs, causing them to descend into or outside the vaginal canal.

Understanding pelvic organ prolapse, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, can help women seek timely medical care and manage the condition effectively.

What Is Pelvic Organ Prolapse and How Does It Affect the Body?

Pelvic organ prolapse is a condition in which pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, rectum, or small intestine, descend from their normal position because of weakened pelvic floor muscles and supporting tissues. These organs may bulge into or through the vaginal canal, causing pressure, discomfort, urinary or bowel problems, and other symptoms.

What Are the Symptoms of Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

The symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse vary depending on the type and severity of the prolapse. Symptoms may become more noticeable with prolonged standing, physical activity, coughing, or straining.

Pelvic pressure or heaviness: A persistent feeling of fullness, dragging, or pressure in the pelvis, sometimes described as a sensation of something "falling down."
Vaginal bulge or protrusion: A visible or palpable bulge in the vaginal canal that may become more noticeable when coughing, straining, or standing for long periods.
Urinary difficulties: Difficulty starting urination, incomplete bladder emptying, frequent urination, or a weak urine stream.
Bowel movement issues: Constipation, straining during bowel movements, or a sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation.
Lower back pain: Dull or aching pain in the lower back associated with pelvic pressure.
Discomfort during sexual intercourse: Pain or pressure during intercourse, which may affect sexual function and quality of life.
Urinary incontinence: Leakage of urine during activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising.

Symptoms may be mild during the early stages but can become more noticeable over time. Medical evaluation can help determine the severity and guide appropriate treatment.

What Are the Causes of Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

Understanding the causes of pelvic organ prolapse is important for prevention and treatment. Several factors can weaken the pelvic floor muscles and supporting tissues, including:

Childbirth

One of the most common causes of pelvic organ prolapse is childbirth. Vaginal deliveries, especially those involving large babies or multiple births, can place significant strain on the pelvic floor muscles. The stretching and trauma that occur during delivery may weaken these muscles and supporting tissues, making it more difficult for the pelvic organs to remain in their normal positions.

Aging and Menopause

As women age, changes in estrogen levels can affect the strength and elasticity of pelvic floor tissues. These changes, particularly around and after menopause, may increase the risk of pelvic organ prolapse.

Obesity

Excess body weight places additional pressure on the pelvic floor muscles, which may increase the likelihood of prolapse and worsen existing symptoms.

Chronic Cough or Constipation

Conditions that cause chronic coughing or constipation can contribute to pelvic organ prolapse. Repeated coughing or straining during bowel movements increases pressure on the pelvic floor and may weaken its supporting structures over time.

Genetic Factors

Some women may have a genetic predisposition to weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to pelvic organ prolapse. A family history of prolapse or certain connective tissue disorders may increase the risk.

When Should You See a Doctor for Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

Consult a gynaecologist if you notice symptoms affecting pelvic comfort, bladder or bowel function, sexual activity, or daily activities.

Persistent pelvic pressure, heaviness, or discomfort.
Feeling or seeing a bulge in the vaginal area.
Urinary or bowel difficulties, including leakage or incomplete emptying.

Get medical help immediately if:

Severe pain or sudden worsening of pelvic symptoms.
Inability to urinate or pass stool.
Protruding tissue with significant bleeding or signs of infection.

Timely evaluation can help manage pelvic organ prolapse effectively and reduce the risk of complications.

Find Gynecologists for Pelvic Organ Prolapse Treatment Near You

How Is Pelvic Organ Prolapse Diagnosed?

Pelvic organ prolapse is usually diagnosed through a medical history, pelvic examination, and assessment of symptoms. The examination helps determine which pelvic organ is affected and the severity of the prolapse.

Pelvic examination to assess organ descent and identify a vaginal bulge.
Assessment while coughing or straining to evaluate the extent of prolapse.
Urinary tests when bladder symptoms or incontinence are present.
Imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI may be recommended in complex cases or when additional pelvic conditions need to be evaluated.

Early and accurate diagnosis helps guide treatment and may prevent symptoms from worsening.

What Are the Treatment Options for Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

Treatment for pelvic organ prolapse depends on the severity of the condition, symptoms, overall health, and individual preferences. Options range from observation and conservative measures to surgical treatment.

Pelvic Floor Exercises for Prolapse

Pelvic floor exercises, commonly known as Kegel exercises, can strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and may improve symptoms in women with mild to moderate prolapse. A pelvic floor physical therapist can provide an individualized exercise program when needed.

Pessary Devices

A pessary is a removable device inserted into the vagina to support the pelvic organs and relieve symptoms. Pessaries are available in different shapes and sizes and can be fitted according to the individual's needs. They may be useful for women who prefer non-surgical treatment or are not suitable candidates for surgery.

Hormonal Treatment

For some postmenopausal women, local vaginal estrogen may be recommended to improve vaginal tissue health and relieve associated symptoms. It does not correct the prolapse itself, and its suitability depends on individual health factors.

Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Surgery may be considered when prolapse symptoms are severe, interfere significantly with daily life, or do not improve with conservative treatment. The procedure depends on the type and severity of prolapse and the organs involved.

Anterior Colporrhaphy: Repairs the front wall of the vagina and is commonly used to treat cystocele, or bladder prolapse.
Posterior Colporrhaphy: Repairs the back wall of the vagina and may be used to treat rectocele, or rectal prolapse into the vagina.
Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus may be considered in selected cases of uterine prolapse.
Sacrocolpopexy: A surgical procedure that uses a supportive material to suspend the vaginal apex and restore pelvic support.

Minimally Invasive Surgical Options

Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted procedures may be used for selected patients. These approaches can involve smaller incisions and may offer less postoperative discomfort and a shorter recovery compared with traditional open surgery.

Your health is everything - prioritize your well-being today.

Consult Pelvic Organ Prolapse Doctors Today

What Is the Recovery and Post-Treatment Care for Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

Recovery depends on the treatment used and the severity of the prolapse. Women treated with pelvic floor exercises or a pessary may experience gradual symptom improvement, while recovery after surgery generally takes longer.

What Is the Recovery After Prolapse Surgery?

After pelvic organ prolapse surgery, patients should follow their surgeon's postoperative instructions carefully. This may include temporarily avoiding heavy lifting, strenuous activities, and sexual intercourse. Follow-up appointments are important to monitor healing and address any concerns.

What Lifestyle Changes Can Help After Treatment?

Maintaining a healthy weight, managing chronic coughing or constipation, avoiding excessive straining, and continuing recommended pelvic floor exercises can help support pelvic floor health and reduce the risk of worsening or recurrence.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse?

Symptoms include a feeling of heaviness or pressure in the pelvis, bulging of tissue from the vagina, urinary incontinence, difficulty with bowel movements, and discomfort during sexual activity.

2. How is pelvic organ prolapse treated?

Treatment options range from pelvic floor exercises (Kegel exercises), use of vaginal pessaries, lifestyle changes, to surgical procedures for severe cases.

3. What causes pelvic organ prolapse?

Causes include weakening of pelvic floor muscles due to childbirth, aging, menopause, chronic coughing, heavy lifting, and obesity.

4. How is pelvic organ prolapse diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves a pelvic examination by a healthcare provider and may include imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI.

5. Can pelvic organ prolapse be prevented?

Prevention strategies include performing regular pelvic floor exercises, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding heavy lifting, and treating chronic cough or constipation.