Parotid Gland Tumor: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Shashi Kiran Somala , ENT

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

The parotid glands, located near the jaw and in front of the ears, are the largest of the salivary glands. They play a crucial role in producing saliva to aid in digestion and maintain oral health.

Parotid gland tumors, though relatively uncommon, can be benign or malignant and may cause a lump, swelling, pain, or changes in facial nerve function. Because the facial nerve passes through the parotid gland, these tumors require careful evaluation and treatment planning.

What are the Types of Parotid Gland Tumors?

Parotid gland tumors can be classified as benign or malignant based on their behaviour and cellular characteristics. Most parotid gland tumors are benign, but some can be cancerous and may require more extensive treatment.

Benign Tumors

Pleomorphic Adenoma: Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign parotid gland tumor and usually grows slowly.
Warthin's Tumor: A benign tumor that commonly develops in the parotid gland and is strongly associated with smoking.

Malignant Tumors

Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: A common malignant salivary gland tumor that can vary in aggressiveness and has the potential to spread.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: A less common but potentially aggressive cancer that can invade nearby nerves and tissues and may spread to distant organs.

What are the Symptoms of Parotid Gland Tumors?

Symptoms of parotid gland tumors can vary depending on the tumor's size, location, and whether it is benign or malignant. Some tumors may remain painless for a long time, while others can cause discomfort or affect nearby nerves and structures.

A noticeable lump or swelling in the cheek, jaw, or area in front of the ear
Pain or discomfort in the affected region
Facial nerve weakness or paralysis
Difficulty in swallowing or opening the mouth
Persistent facial numbness

Persistent or rapidly changing lumps and any new facial weakness should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Parotid Gland Tumors?

The exact cause of most parotid gland tumors is not known. However, certain genetic changes, previous radiation exposure, and lifestyle factors may increase the risk of developing some types of salivary gland tumors.

Genetic Predispositions

Certain genetic changes and rare hereditary conditions may increase the risk of developing salivary gland tumors. A family history of certain cancers may also be relevant during medical evaluation.

Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

Previous exposure to radiation involving the head and neck may increase the risk of salivary gland tumors. Smoking is particularly associated with Warthin's tumor. Other environmental exposures have also been investigated, although their contribution is not established in every case.

When to See a Doctor?

Consult an ENT doctor if you notice a persistent or unusual lump, swelling, or other changes around the jaw, cheek, or area in front of the ear. Early evaluation can help determine the cause and guide appropriate treatment.

Persistent lump or swelling near the cheek, jaw, or in front of the ear
Pain or discomfort in the facial or jaw area
Difficulty opening the mouth or swallowing

Get medical help immediately if:

New facial weakness, numbness, or paralysis
Rapid growth of a lump or severe facial pain
Significant difficulty breathing or swallowing

These symptoms require prompt medical evaluation because they may indicate nerve involvement, an advanced tumor, or another serious condition.

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How Is Parotid Gland Tumors Diagnosed?

Diagnosing parotid gland tumors involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and tissue sampling when required. The evaluation helps determine the tumor's size, location, characteristics, and relationship with the facial nerve and surrounding structures.

Imaging Techniques

Ultrasound, MRI, and CT scans can provide detailed information about the tumor and its relationship with nearby tissues. Imaging findings also help doctors plan a biopsy and determine the most appropriate treatment approach.

Biopsy and Histopathological Analysis

A fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy or other tissue-sampling technique may be performed to obtain cells from the tumor for laboratory examination. Histopathological analysis can help distinguish benign from malignant tumors and guide treatment decisions.

What are the Treatment Options for Parotid Gland Tumors?

Treatment for parotid gland tumors depends on the type, size, location, grade, and whether the tumor has spread. Benign tumors are often treated with surgery when removal is recommended, while malignant tumors may require a combination of treatments.

Surgical Intervention

Surgery is the main treatment for many parotid gland tumors. The goal is to remove the tumor while preserving facial nerve function whenever possible. Superficial or total parotidectomy may be performed depending on the tumor's location and extent. Facial nerve monitoring may be used during surgery to help reduce the risk of nerve injury.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy may be recommended for selected malignant tumors, particularly when there is a higher risk of recurrence, involvement of nearby tissues, or residual cancer after surgery. It may also be considered when surgery is not appropriate.

Chemotherapy and Systemic Treatment

Chemotherapy has a limited role in many salivary gland cancers but may be considered in selected advanced or metastatic cases. Depending on the tumor type and molecular characteristics, targeted or other systemic treatments may also be considered.

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What are the Complications of Parotid Gland Tumors?

Complications can result from the tumor itself or from its treatment. The risk depends on the tumor type, size, location, and whether nearby structures such as the facial nerve are involved.

Facial Nerve Damage: Tumors involving or located close to the facial nerve may cause facial weakness, while surgery can also carry a risk of temporary or permanent nerve dysfunction.
Tumor Recurrence: Some parotid tumors may return after treatment, particularly when complete removal is difficult or the tumor has aggressive features.
Infection: Infection can occur after surgery and may require appropriate medical treatment.
Difficulty with Saliva Production: Removal of part or all of the parotid gland can affect saliva production and may cause dry mouth.

How Can Parotid Gland Tumors Be Prevented and Monitored?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent most parotid gland tumors because their exact causes are often unknown. However, avoiding tobacco and unnecessary exposure to known carcinogens may help reduce certain risks. Regular medical follow-up is important after treatment to detect recurrence or manage long-term effects.

Avoid tobacco products, particularly smoking, which is associated with Warthin's tumor.
Reduce unnecessary exposure to known carcinogens and follow appropriate workplace safety measures.
Seek medical evaluation for persistent lumps or swelling around the jaw, cheek, or ear.
Attend recommended follow-up appointments and imaging after treatment.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Are parotid gland tumors common?

Parotid gland tumors are relatively common, especially benign ones, with the majority being non-cancerous. However, malignant tumors can still occur and should be treated promptly.

2. Are parotid gland tumors treatable?

Yes, most benign parotid gland tumors can be successfully treated with surgery. Malignant tumors may require surgery along with radiation therapy or chemotherapy depending on their severity.

3. Can a parotid gland tumor be cancerous?

While the majority of parotid gland tumors are benign, some can be malignant. Cancerous parotid tumors require more extensive treatment, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

4. How long does recovery take after parotid gland tumor surgery?

Recovery time varies, but most people can return to normal activities within a few weeks. Post-surgical care involves pain management and monitoring for complications such as infection or facial nerve weakness.

5. Can parotid gland tumors affect the facial nerve?

Yes, since the parotid glands are located near the facial nerve, tumors in the gland can sometimes affect facial nerve function, leading to facial weakness or paralysis, which may require specialized treatment.