What Is Meningocele and How Is It Treated?

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Hema Swaroop Kurumella , Neurosurgeons

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Meningocele is a type of neural tube defect (NTD) in which the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the spinal cord or brain protrude through an opening in the spine or skull, forming a fluid-filled sac. Unlike myelomeningocele, the spinal cord remains in its normal position and is not contained within the sac. Meningocele is present at birth and usually develops when the neural tube does not close completely during early pregnancy. Early diagnosis and surgical repair often result in favorable outcomes.

What Are the Types of Meningocele?

Meningocele is classified according to the location of the defect.

Spinal Meningocele: The meninges protrude through an opening in the spinal column, usually in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral region.
Cranial Meningocele (Encephalocele without brain tissue): The meninges protrude through a defect in the skull, most commonly in the occipital or frontal region.

What Are the Symptoms of Meningocele?

Symptoms depend on the size and location of the defect. Some children have few symptoms, while others may develop neurological problems.

Visible fluid-filled sac on the back or head at birth
Weakness or reduced movement in the legs
Numbness or decreased sensation
Bladder or bowel control problems
Hydrocephalus in some infants
Difficulty walking or delayed motor development
Spinal deformities in some cases

What Causes Meningocele?

Meningocele develops when the neural tube fails to close completely during early fetal development. Both genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute.

Insufficient folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy
Genetic predisposition or family history of neural tube defects
Maternal diabetes or obesity
Certain anti-seizure medications taken during pregnancy
Exposure to harmful environmental factors during pregnancy

When Should You See a Doctor for Meningocele?

Medical evaluation is essential if a meningocele is suspected during pregnancy or after birth. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can help prevent complications, protect neurological function, and improve long-term outcomes.

Seek immediate medical attention if:

A newborn has a visible fluid-filled sac or swelling on the back or head
Prenatal ultrasound suggests a neural tube defect
The child develops weakness or difficulty moving the legs
There are problems with bladder or bowel control
Signs of hydrocephalus, such as an enlarged head or bulging soft spot, are present
The child shows delayed growth or developmental milestones

Early evaluation by a neurosurgeon is essential to plan appropriate treatment, reduce complications, and support healthy neurological development.

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How Is Meningocele Diagnosed?

Meningocele may be diagnosed before birth or after delivery using imaging studies and clinical evaluation.

Prenatal ultrasound
Fetal MRI in selected pregnancies
MRI or CT scan after birth to assess the defect
Physical examination of the newborn
Genetic counseling and testing when indicated

How Is Meningocele Treated?

Treatment primarily involves surgical repair of the defect and long-term monitoring for neurological function.

Surgical closure of the meningocele, usually during infancy
Treatment of associated hydrocephalus when present, including ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement if required
Physical and occupational therapy
Bladder and bowel management when needed
Regular neurological and developmental follow-up

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What Are the Risk Factors for Meningocele?

Several maternal and genetic factors increase the likelihood of neural tube defects, including meningocele.

Folic acid deficiency before pregnancy
Previous pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect
Family history of neural tube defects
Maternal diabetes or obesity
Use of certain anti-seizure medications during pregnancy
Exposure to high temperatures during early pregnancy

What Complications Can Meningocele Cause?

Although many children recover well after surgery, untreated or complex cases can lead to complications.

Hydrocephalus
Neurological deficits
Bladder and bowel dysfunction
Orthopedic deformities
Infection, including meningitis if the sac ruptures
Developmental delays in some children

Can Meningocele Be Prevented?

Many cases of meningocele can be prevented by taking adequate folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy. Women planning pregnancy should take the recommended daily folic acid supplement, manage chronic conditions such as diabetes, avoid unnecessary exposure to harmful medications and environmental toxins, and attend regular prenatal checkups. Genetic counseling may be beneficial for families with a history of neural tube defects.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How can meningocele be identified through its signs?

Meningocele can be identified through signs such as a visible sac or bulge on the baby's back, neurological symptoms, and abnormalities in spinal cord function.

2. How should I care for myself with meningocele-what should I do and avoid?

Follow your doctor's advice, attend regular check-ups, protect the affected area, avoid heavy lifting or straining activities, and seek medical help if symptoms worsen.

3. What are the potential complications of meningocele?

Hydrocephalus, neurological deficits, bladder and bowel dysfunction are potential complications of meningocele. Early detection and intervention are crucial.

4. What are the best ways to manage meningocele?

Surgical repair of the meningocele is the main treatment. Follow-up care and monitoring for complications are essential for managing meningocele effectively.

5. Are there any signs that meningocele might recur after treatment?

Meningocele recurrence signs include headache, back pain, changes in bowel/bladder function, weakness/numbness. Contact a healthcare provider if symptoms occur.