Epiretinal Membrane: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Vompolu Kamakshi Bhaskar , Ophthalmologists

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Epiretinal Membrane (ERM), also known as macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy, is a condition in which a thin layer of scar-like tissue forms on the surface of the retina, particularly over the macula, the area responsible for sharp central vision. As the membrane contracts, it can wrinkle or distort the retina, leading to blurred or distorted vision (metamorphopsia) and difficulty reading or recognizing faces. ERM commonly develops with aging but may also occur after retinal tears, inflammation, eye injury, or retinal surgery. Early diagnosis and appropriate ophthalmic care are essential to monitor vision changes and determine whether surgical treatment is needed to preserve visual function.

What are the Types of Epiretinal Membrane?

Epiretinal membrane, also known as macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy, can present in various forms. These different types of epiretinal membranes can result from a variety of underlying causes, such as aging, eye trauma, inflammation, or other eye conditions.

The characteristics and severity of epiretinal membranes can vary, impacting vision differently for each individual. Understanding the different forms of epiretinal membrane can help healthcare providers tailor treatment approaches to each patient's specific condition.

Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane: This type occurs without a known cause and can lead to distorted vision due to the contraction of the membrane over the retina.
Secondary Epiretinal Membrane: Develops as a result of underlying eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, or inflammatory eye diseases.
Traumatic Epiretinal Membrane: Forms after a direct injury to the eye, leading to the growth of a membrane on the surface of the retina.
Inflammatory Epiretinal Membrane: Linked to inflammatory conditions affecting the eye, causing the formation of a membrane that affects visual clarity.
Posterior Vitreous DetachmentRelated Epiretinal Membrane: Develops when the vitreous gel detaches from the retina, triggering the growth of a membrane that can impact vision.

What are the Symptoms of Epiretinal Membrane?

Epiretinal membrane is a condition that affects the eye. It can cause various symptoms related to vision problems. These symptoms may impact a person's ability to see clearly and can include changes in vision quality. If you experience any unusual vision changes or difficulties, it is important to consult with an eye care professional for proper evaluation and management.

Blurred vision
Distorted vision
Decreased vision
Wavy vision
Difficulty reading
Double vision

What are the Causes of Epiretinal Membrane?

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) can develop due to various factors that affect the retina. Common causes include aging, eye conditions like retinal tears or detachments, inflammation, and previous eye surgeries.

Additionally, underlying medical conditions such as diabetes or high myopia can also contribute to ERM formation. In some cases, trauma or injury to the eye may lead to the development of an epiretinal membrane. Early detection and timely intervention are crucial in managing ERM and preventing vision impairment.

Aging
Eye trauma or injury
Retinal detachment or tears
Inflammation or infection in the eye
Diabetes
Eye surgery, such as cataract surgery
Myopia (nearsightedness)
Family history of epiretinal membrane

When to See a Doctor for Epiretinal Membrane?

Anyone experiencing blurred central vision, distorted vision, or difficulty reading should consult an Ophthalmologist. A Retina Specialist may be involved if surgical treatment is considered.

You should see a doctor if you experience:

Gradually worsening central vision
Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted
Difficulty reading or recognizing faces

Seek immediate medical attention if you:

Develop sudden vision loss
Notice flashes of light or a sudden increase in floaters
Experience a curtain-like shadow across your vision, which may indicate retinal detachment

These symptoms may indicate a serious retinal condition requiring urgent ophthalmic evaluation.

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How Is an Epiretinal Membrane Diagnosed?

Epiretinal membrane is typically diagnosed through a series of eye examinations and tests. During a comprehensive eye exam, an ophthalmologist will evaluate your vision, eye pressure, and examine the retina for any abnormalities.

Imaging tests, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), may also be used to get detailed images of the retina and confirm the presence of an epiretinal membrane. In some cases, a fluorescein angiography test may be performed to assess blood flow in the retina. Proper diagnosis of an epiretinal membrane is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment plan.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Fundus Examination
Visual Acuity Testing
Fluorescein Angiography

What are the Treatment for Epiretinal Membrane?

Treatment options for Epiretinal Membrane aim to improve vision and reduce symptoms. Your eye doctor may recommend monitoring the condition if it is mild and not affecting your vision significantly.

In some cases, surgery may be considered to remove the membrane and improve vision. Other treatments such as medications or injections may be recommended depending on the severity of the condition. It is essential to discuss the best treatment option for your specific situation with your healthcare provider.

Observation: In mild cases of Epiretinal Membrane, regular monitoring by an eye specialist may be recommended to track any changes in vision and determine if treatment is necessary.
Vitrectomy Surgery: This surgical procedure involves removing the vitreous gel from the eye to effectively peel off the epiretinal membrane, improving vision in more severe cases.
Intravitreal Injections: Medications injected into the eye can help reduce inflammation and swelling associated with Epiretinal Membrane, potentially improving vision and slowing down disease progression.
Retinal Laser Surgery: Laser treatment can be used to seal leaking blood vessels or repair retinal tears caused by Epiretinal Membrane, helping to stabilize vision and prevent further complications.
Pharmacologic Therapy: Some medications, such as corticosteroids or antiVEGF drugs, may be prescribed to manage symptoms and reduce the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye, providing relief for patients with Epiretinal Membrane.

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What are the Risk Factors of Epiretinal Membrane?

Epiretinal membrane risk factors are conditions or habits that can increase the likelihood of developing this eye disorder. By being aware of these factors, individuals can take preventive measures to reduce their risk. Understanding these risk factors can also help healthcare providers in making informed decisions regarding the management of this condition for their patients.