Adrenal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Neelesh Kanderi , Oncologists

Adrenal cancer develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the adrenal glands. These tumors may interfere with normal hormone production and can sometimes spread to other parts of the body if not detected early.

The condition may cause hormonal changes, physical symptoms, or may be discovered during imaging tests done for other health conditions.

What Are the Types of Adrenal Cancer?

Adrenal cancer can occur in different forms depending on the part of the gland where the tumor develops. Each type has different characteristics and may require specific treatment approaches.

Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant tumor that originates from the cortex of the adrenal gland. It is the most common type of adrenal cancer and may grow aggressively, sometimes spreading to nearby organs or distant parts of the body.

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops in immature nerve cells and often begins in the adrenal medulla. It mainly affects infants and young children and can spread quickly if not detected early.

Pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma develops from cells in the adrenal medulla. Although most of these tumors are benign, a small number can become cancerous. They often produce excess adrenaline, which may lead to symptoms such as high blood pressure, headaches, and rapid heartbeat.

What Are the Symptoms of Adrenal Cancer?

Symptoms of adrenal cancer vary depending on the type of tumor and whether it affects hormone production. Some symptoms occur due to hormone imbalances, while others are related to the physical presence of the tumor.

Hormonal Imbalances

Adrenal tumors may lead to excessive or abnormal hormone production, which can cause the following conditions:

Physical Symptoms

In some cases, the tumor itself may cause noticeable physical symptoms. These symptoms may include:

What Causes Adrenal Cancer?

The exact cause of adrenal cancer is not always known. However, several factors may increase the likelihood of developing the condition.

Genetic Factors

Some inherited genetic conditions are linked to a higher risk of adrenal cancer. These conditions may affect how cells grow and divide.

Environmental Factors

Environmental exposures may also play a role in certain cases, although research is still ongoing.

When Should you see a Doctor for adrenal cancer?

Medical attention should be considered if symptoms suggest hormonal imbalance or persistent abdominal discomfort. Early evaluation helps identify the cause and allows timely treatment.

Specialists who may diagnose and treat adrenal cancer include endocrinologists, oncologists, and surgeons experienced in adrenal gland disorders.

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What is the Recovery Process After Adrenal Cancer Treatment?

Recovery after adrenal cancer treatment varies depending on the type of therapy received and the overall health of the patient. Follow-up care plays an important role in monitoring hormone levels and detecting any recurrence.

How is Adrenal Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosing adrenal cancer involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging tests, and laboratory investigations. These tests help confirm the presence of a tumor and determine whether it is cancerous.

Medical History and Physical Examination

Doctors begin with a detailed review of medical history and symptoms. A physical examination may help detect signs of hormonal imbalances or other symptoms associated with adrenal tumors.

Imaging Studies

Imaging tests help identify the presence, size, and location of adrenal tumors.

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory investigations measure hormone levels and help identify abnormal adrenal gland activity.

Biopsy

A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the adrenal gland and examining it under a microscope. This test helps determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant and assists in treatment planning.

What Are the Treatment Options for Adrenal Cancer?

Treatment for adrenal cancer depends on the tumor type, stage of cancer, and the patient's overall health. Doctors may use one or more treatment methods to manage the disease.

Surgery

Surgery is often the primary treatment when the tumor is confined to the adrenal gland. The goal is to remove the tumor completely along with any surrounding affected tissue.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. It may be used after surgery or when tumors cannot be removed surgically.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses medications to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth. It is usually recommended when adrenal cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy focuses on specific molecular or genetic changes in cancer cells. These medications aim to block cancer growth while minimizing damage to normal cells.

Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy may be used when adrenal tumors produce excess hormones. These medications help control hormone production and reduce related symptoms.

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Prevention and Prognosis

Prevention

Preventing adrenal cancer may not always be possible, especially when genetic factors are involved. However, certain precautions may help reduce risk or support early detection.

Prognosis

The outlook for adrenal cancer depends on the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis and how well it responds to treatment. Early detection and appropriate treatment significantly improve outcomes, while advances in treatment continue to improve long-term survival for many patients.