Adhesive Capsulitis: Symptoms, Reasons And Treatment

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Shashivardhan , Orthopedics

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Adhesive capsulitis, commonly known as frozen shoulder, is a condition that restricts shoulder movement and causes stiffness and discomfort. It develops when the tissues surrounding the shoulder joint become thick and tight, limiting mobility and making everyday movements difficult.

This condition can make routine activities such as reaching overhead, dressing, or moving the arm behind the back challenging. Although the exact cause is not always clear, early attention and gentle shoulder exercises can help maintain mobility and prevent the condition from worsening.

What Are the Types of Adhesive Capsulitis?

Adhesive capsulitis can be classified into different types depending on the cause. These types mainly include primary and secondary forms, both of which can lead to shoulder stiffness and restricted movement.

Primary adhesive capsulitis: Also known as idiopathic frozen shoulder, this form occurs without a clear underlying cause and gradually leads to pain and stiffness in the shoulder joint.
Secondary adhesive capsulitis: This type develops due to underlying conditions such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, or after a shoulder injury or surgery.
Diabetic adhesive capsulitis: Seen in individuals with diabetes and may be linked to increased collagen production and reduced joint mobility.
Post-traumatic adhesive capsulitis: Occurs after shoulder trauma such as fractures or dislocations, resulting in scar tissue formation and restricted joint movement.

What Are the Symptoms of Adhesive Capsulitis?

The symptoms of adhesive capsulitis usually develop gradually and may worsen over time. As the shoulder becomes stiff and painful, it can affect daily activities such as reaching, lifting, or dressing.

The condition often progresses through three stages known as the freezing stage, frozen stage, and thawing stage.

Shoulder stiffness that makes it difficult to raise your arm above your head.
Persistent shoulder pain that worsens at night or when reaching behind your back.
Limited range of motion in the affected shoulder, making it hard to perform daily tasks.
Gradual onset of symptoms, often starting with mild discomfort and progressively becoming more severe.
Difficulty sleeping on the affected side due to pain and restricted movement in the shoulder.

What Causes Adhesive Capsulitis?

The exact cause of adhesive capsulitis is not always known. However, several factors can contribute to the tightening and thickening of the shoulder joint capsule, leading to stiffness and reduced movement.

Prolonged immobility of the shoulder joint after injury, surgery, or illness.
Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or thyroid disorders, can affect joint health.
Shoulder trauma, including falls or sports injuries that trigger inflammation and scarring.
Autoimmune responses or hormonal imbalances that may influence joint tissues.
Genetic predisposition that may increase the likelihood of developing the condition.

When Should You See a Doctor for Adhesive Capsulitis?

If shoulder pain or stiffness persists and begins to interfere with daily activities, it is advisable to seek consultation with an orthopaedic. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent the condition from progressing and improve recovery.

Persistent shoulder pain that does not improve with rest or simple home care.
Difficulty lifting or moving the arm due to stiffness.
Pain that worsens at night or disrupts sleep.
Gradual loss of shoulder mobility affecting routine tasks.
Individuals with diabetes or thyroid disorders experiencing new shoulder stiffness.

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How is Adhesive Capsulitis Diagnosed?

Diagnosing adhesive capsulitis usually begins with a detailed evaluation of symptoms and medical history. Doctors examine the shoulder to assess pain levels and range of motion before recommending imaging tests to confirm the condition.

Physical examination: The doctor evaluates shoulder movement, stiffness, and pain while moving the arm in different directions.
Medical history review: Understanding past injuries, health conditions, and symptom progression helps identify possible causes.
X-rays: These imaging tests help rule out bone-related conditions or arthritis affecting the shoulder.
MRI or ultrasound: Advanced imaging may be used to detect structural changes in the shoulder joint and surrounding tissues.

What Are the Treatment Options for Adhesive Capsulitis?

Treatment for adhesive capsulitis focuses on reducing pain and improving shoulder mobility. Most cases are managed with non-surgical treatments, although surgery may be considered in severe or persistent cases.

Physical therapy with stretching and strengthening exercises to improve shoulder flexibility and movement.
Corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation and relieve pain in the shoulder joint.
Hydrodilatation, a procedure where fluid is injected into the joint capsule to stretch it and improve mobility.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen to manage pain and inflammation.
In severe cases, surgical procedures may be considered to release tight tissues around the shoulder joint.

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What is the Recovery Process for Adhesive Capsulitis?

The recovery process for adhesive capsulitis usually occurs gradually and may take several months. With appropriate treatment, physical therapy, and regular exercises, shoulder movement can slowly improve.

Regular physiotherapy sessions to restore shoulder flexibility and strength.
Consistent stretching exercises to maintain joint mobility.
Pain management through medication or therapeutic techniques.
Gradual improvement during the thawing stage where movement slowly returns.
Following medical advice and rehabilitation plans to prevent recurrence.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How can adhesive capsulitis be identified through its signs?

Adhesive capsulitis can be identified by signs like shoulder pain, stiffness, limited range of motion, and difficulty performing daily activities.

2. Are there specific things I should or shouldn't do when dealing with adhesive capsulitis?

Do: Gentle stretching exercises, physical therapy. Don't: Forceful movements, neglect pain or stiffness. Always consult a healthcare provider.

3. Are there any risks associated with untreated adhesive capsulitis?

Yes, untreated adhesive capsulitis can lead to increased pain and stiffness in the shoulder, reduced range of motion, and possible long-term disability.