Acute Laryngitis: Signs, Causes and Diagnosis

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Neha A Padia , ENT

Acute laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx, commonly referred to as the voice box, which is located in the throat. This condition typically results in a sudden change in voice quality, ranging from mild hoarseness to complete loss of voice. Acute laryngitis is often temporary, lasting for a few days to a couple of weeks, and is usually caused by infections or vocal strain.

What Are the Causes of Acute Laryngitis?

Several factors can lead to the development of acute laryngitis. Understanding these causes is crucial for effective prevention and management.

Viral Infections

The most common cause of acute laryngitis is viral infections, particularly those associated with the common cold, flu, or respiratory diseases. Viruses such as rhinovirus, influenza virus, and adenovirus can infect the upper respiratory tract, leading to inflammation of the larynx.

Bacterial Infections

Although less common, bacterial infections can also cause acute laryngitis. Streptococcus and Haemophilus influenzae are among the bacteria that can infect the larynx, resulting in inflammation and vocal changes.

Vocal Strain

Excessive use of the voice, such as yelling, singing, or speaking loudly for extended periods, can strain the vocal cords and lead to acute laryngitis. This is particularly common among individuals who use their voices professionally, such as singers, teachers, and public speakers.

Environmental Factors

Exposure to environmental irritants, such as cigarette smoke, pollutants, and allergens, can contribute to the development of acute laryngitis. These irritants can cause inflammation and irritation of the larynx, leading to vocal changes.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD, a condition characterized by the backward flow of stomach acid into the oesophagus, can also affect the larynx. The acid can irritate and inflame the vocal cords, resulting in acute laryngitis.

Autoimmune Disorders

Certain autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, can cause inflammation of various body tissues, including the larynx. In affected individuals, this can lead to acute laryngitis.

What Are the Symptoms of Acute Laryngitis?

The symptoms of acute laryngitis can vary in severity and may include:

These symptoms typically develop suddenly and may worsen over the course of a few days. It is important to seek medical attention if the symptoms persist for more than two weeks or if they are accompanied by severe pain, difficulty breathing, or coughing up blood.

When to See a Doctor (ENT Specialist / Otolaryngologist)?

Acute laryngitis usually resolves on its own, but certain symptoms may signal a deeper infection or airway concern requiring professional evaluation to prevent complications or the need for hospitalization. While acute laryngitis often resolves on its own, it is important to seek medical attention with ENT Specialist if:

You should see a doctor if you have:

Get medical help immediately if:

These could be signs of a serious complication like epiglottitis, which needs urgent care.

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How is the Diagnosis of Acute Laryngitis Done?

Diagnosing acute laryngitis involves a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history and symptoms and a physical examination. In some cases, additional tests may be required to determine the underlying cause of the inflammation.

Medical History and Physical Examination

The healthcare provider will begin by asking the patient about their symptoms, duration, and any potential risk factors. Then, to assess the extent of the inflammation, a physical examination of the throat and larynx will be conducted.

Laryngoscopy

A laryngoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows the healthcare provider to visualize the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid scope. This procedure helps identify any abnormalities, such as swelling, redness, or lesions, that may be causing the symptoms.

Laboratory Tests

If a bacterial infection is suspected, a throat swab may be taken to identify the presence of bacteria. Blood tests may also be conducted to check for signs of infection or underlying medical conditions.

Imaging Studies

Imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, are rarely needed for the diagnosis of acute laryngitis. However, they may be performed if there is a suspicion of more severe conditions, such as tumours or structural abnormalities.

What Are the Treatment Options for Acute Laryngitis?

The treatment of acute laryngitis primarily focuses on relieving symptoms and addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation. Here are some standard treatment options:

Voice Rest

Resting the voice is essential to allow the vocal cords to heal. Patients are advised to avoid talking, whispering, or any vocal strain until their symptoms improve.

Hydration

Staying well-hydrated helps keep the throat moist and reduces irritation. Drinking plenty of water and using a humidifier can be beneficial.

Medications

Avoiding Irritants

To prevent further irritation of the larynx, patients should avoid exposure to irritants such as smoke, pollutants, and allergens.

Treating Underlying Conditions

If acute laryngitis is caused by an underlying condition, such as GERD or an autoimmune disorder, appropriate treatment for the condition is necessary to prevent recurrence.

Home Remedies

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What to Expect During Recovery from Acute Laryngitis

Recovery from Acute Laryngitis is usually complete within one to two weeks, especially when the condition is caused by a viral infection. Resting the voice, staying hydrated, and treating the underlying cause can help speed healing and prevent complications.