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What Is a Spinal Cord Infarction?
Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr M Naga Suresh , Neurologist
A spinal cord infarction is a rare type of stroke that occurs when blood flow to the spinal cord is disrupted, leading to tissue damage. This medical emergency can cause sudden pain, weakness, or paralysis. Early recognition of warning signs and prompt treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and supporting recovery.
What are the Symptoms and Warning Signs of Spinal Cord Infarction?
The onset of spinal cord infarction symptoms is typically sudden and depends on the location and severity of the infarct.
Common Symptoms
- Sudden back pain, often sharp or burning
- Weakness or paralysis in limbs
- Loss of sensation below the affected spinal level
- Urinary retention or incontinence
- Bowel dysfunction
Severe Symptoms
- Complete loss of motor function below the infarction
- Respiratory difficulties occur if the upper spinal cord is involved.
- Significant blood pressure fluctuations in cases involving autonomic nerves
What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Spinal Cord Infarction?
Spinal cord infarction has several potential causes, often involving impaired blood flow to the spinal cord.
Causes
- Vascular Disorders: Atherosclerosis, embolism, or thrombosis affecting the anterior spinal artery
- Aortic Pathologies: Aortic dissection or aneurysm compromising the spinal blood supply
- Surgical Complications: Particularly surgeries involving the aorta or spine
- Trauma: Direct injury to the spinal column
- Other Medical Conditions: Vasculitis, coagulation disorders, systemic hypotension
Risk Factors
- Cardiovascular disease
- Advanced age
- Smoking and poor lifestyle habits
- Before aortic or spinal surgery
- Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases
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Get Second OpinionWhat are the Different Types of Spinal Cord Infarction?
The location and mechanism of blood flow disruption can categorise spinal cord infarction.
- Anterior Spinal Artery Infarction: The most common type, affecting motor and pain pathways
- Posterior Spinal Artery Infarction: Rare and may cause sensory deficits
- Watershed Infarction: Occurs in border zones between major arterial territories
- Segmental Infarction: Limited to one or a few spinal segments
How is Spinal Cord Infarction Diagnosed?
Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment planning.
Clinical Assessment
- Sudden onset of neurological deficits
- Review of medical and surgical history
- Physical and neurological examination
Imaging Studies
- MRI: The gold standard for visualising spinal cord damage and ruling out differential diagnoses
- MR Angiography or CT Angiography: To assess vascular abnormalities
Laboratory Tests
- Blood tests to evaluate clotting factors, inflammatory markers, and metabolic causes
- Lumbar puncture in some cases to exclude infections or other neurological conditions
Health Implications and Complications of Spinal Cord Infarction
Without timely intervention, spinal cord infarction can lead to severe complications:
- Permanent paralysis or weakness
- Chronic pain or spasticity
- Loss of bowel or bladder control
- Risk of pressure sores due to immobility
- Psychological effects, including anxiety or depression
Treatment Options for Spinal Cord Infarction
Treatment focuses on stabilisation and symptom management, as there is no specific cure.
Initial Management
- Stabilisation of blood pressure and oxygen levels
- Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and spinal swelling
Pharmacological Interventions
- Anticoagulants to prevent further clot formation
- Analgesics for pain control
- Medications to manage muscle spasticity or bladder dysfunction
Rehabilitation
- Physical Therapy: Strength training and mobility exercises
- Occupational Therapy: Daily living skills and adaptive equipment
- Psychological Support: Counselling and support groups for emotional well-being
When Should You See a Doctor for Spinal Cord Infarction?
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience sudden back pain followed by weakness, numbness, or paralysis in your limbs. Changes in bladder or bowel control, or any abrupt neurological changes, should prompt urgent evaluation. Early diagnosis can significantly improve outcomes and prevent irreversible damage.
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What is the Recovery Process After Treatment for Spinal Cord Infarction?
Recovery depends on the extent and location of the infarction, as well as the speed at which treatment is initiated. Some patients regain partial function, while others may require long-term rehabilitation.
- Early and intensive rehabilitation can significantly improve functional outcomes.
- Recovery may take months to years, depending on severity.
- Ongoing support from a multidisciplinary team enhances the quality of life.
What Precautions Can Help Prevent Spinal Cord Infarction?
Preventive strategies aim to reduce vascular risk and avoid known triggers:
- Control high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes
- Avoid smoking and adopt a healthy lifestyle.
- Regular monitoring for individuals with known aortic or vascular disease
- Caution during major vascular or spinal surgeries
Our Experience in Treating Spinal Cord Infarction
At Medicover Hospitals, we offer specialised care for spinal cord infarction with an integrated approach. Our team includes neurologists, physiatrists, and rehabilitation experts dedicated to providing early diagnosis, personalised treatment, and comprehensive rehabilitation. We aim to restore mobility and improve quality of life through evidence-based care.
