Onychomycosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Care

Onychomycosis, commonly known as a fungal nail infection, occurs when fungi invade the nails. These fungi thrive in warm and moist environments, making nails susceptible to infection. The most common cause of onychomycosis is exposure to fungi in damp places like public showers, swimming pools, or sweaty shoes.

Additionally, factors such as poor nail hygiene, wearing tight-fitting shoes, and having a weakened immune system can increase the risk of developing this condition. The fungi feed on keratin, a protein found in nails, causing them to become discolored, thickened, and brittle. It is essential to address onychomycosis promptly to prevent further spread and complications.

What Are the Symptoms of Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis, also known as a fungal nail infection, can cause various symptoms that may affect the appearance and health of your nails. Common signs include thickened or brittle nails, discoloration (yellow, white, or brown), nail crumbling or distortion, and a foul odor.

You may also notice a buildup of debris under the nail or experience pain and discomfort in the affected area. If you observe any of these symptoms, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Thickened and discolored nails are common symptoms of onychomycosis, often appearing yellow or white.
Brittle or crumbly nails that may break easily can indicate a fungal nail infection.
Distorted nail shape or texture, such as ridges or pits, are typical signs of onychomycosis.
Foul odor emanating from the affected nail area is a possible symptom of fungal nail infection.
Pain or discomfort in the nails or surrounding skin can be experienced in advanced cases of onychomycosis.

Get a second opinion from trusted experts and makeconfident, informed decisions.

Get Second Opinion

Causes of Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis, a common fungal infection of the nails, is typically caused by dermatophyte fungi, such as Trichophyton rubrum. These fungi thrive in warm, moist environments, making nails susceptible to infection in places like communal showers or swimming pools. Other factors that contribute to the development of onychomycosis include poor hygiene, wearing tight-fitting shoes, having a compromised immune system, or sustaining nail trauma.

Additionally, conditions like diabetes or peripheral vascular disease can increase the risk of fungal nail infections. It is essential to address these underlying causes to effectively manage and prevent onychomycosis.

Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, or molds are common culprits of onychomycosis.
Prolonged exposure to warm and moist environments, such as sweaty shoes, can promote fungal growth leading to onychomycosis.
Individuals with compromised immune systems, like those with diabetes or HIV, are more susceptible to developing onychomycosis.
Poor circulation in the extremities can hinder the body's ability to fight off fungal infections, contributing to the development of onychomycosis.
Trauma to the nail plate, such as repeated minor injuries or nail bed damage, can create entry points for fungi to infect the nails.

Types of Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nails, can be categorized into several types based on the area affected and the specific characteristics of the infection. The most common types include distal subungual onychomycosis, where the infection starts at the nail bed and spreads towards the tip; proximal subungual onychomycosis, which begins at the cuticle and progresses downward; white superficial onychomycosis, identified by white patches on the nail surface; and candidal onychomycosis, caused by yeast infection. Each type presents with distinct symptoms and may require different treatment approaches, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis.

Distal Subungual Onychomycosis (DSO) is the most common type, affecting the nail bed and underside of the nail plate.
Proximal Subungual Onychomycosis (PSO) begins at the proximal nail fold and progresses towards the distal end.
White Superficial Onychomycosis (WSO) manifests as white, powdery patches on the surface of the nail plate.
Candidal Onychomycosis is caused by yeast species, typically affecting people with compromised immune systems.
Total Dystrophic Onychomycosis involves severe nail plate damage, leading to thickening, discoloration, and deform.

Risk Factors

Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nails, can be influenced by various risk factors. These include advancing age, as older individuals are more susceptible due to slower nail growth and reduced blood circulation. People with a history of athlete's foot or other fungal infections are also at higher risk.

Those with diabetes, compromised immune systems, or who frequent communal areas like gyms or swimming pools are more prone to developing onychomycosis. Additionally, wearing tight-fitting shoes, poor nail hygiene, and prolonged exposure to moisture can contribute to the development of this condition.

Age: Onychomycosis risk increases with age due to slower nail growth and reduced blood circulation to the extremities.
Diabetes: Individuals with diabetes have a higher risk of developing onychomycosis due to compromised immune function and circulation.
Immunosuppression: Weakened immune systems, whether from medications or conditions like HIV/AIDS, can make individuals more susceptible to fungal nail infections.
Poor circulation: Reduced blood flow to the extremities, often seen in conditions like peripheral arterial disease, can create an environment conducive to nail fungus growth.
Trauma: Previous nail injuries or trauma can damage the nail structure, making it easier for fungi to invade and cause onychomycosis.

Your health is everything - prioritize your well-being today.

Schedule Your Appointment

Diagnosis of Onychomycosis

Diagnosing onychomycosis, a fungal nail infection, typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, microscopy, and culture. During a physical exam, the healthcare provider may inspect the nails for signs of infection such as discoloration or thickening. Microscopic examination of nail clippings or scrapings can reveal fungal elements. Culturing the nail sample in a laboratory setting helps identify the specific fungus causing the infection.

In some cases, additional tests like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used for accurate diagnosis. These diagnostic methods collectively aid in confirming the presence of onychomycosis and guiding appropriate treatment.

Microscopic examination of nail clippings or scrapings for fungal elements.
Fungal culture to identify the specific type of fungus causing the infection.
Molecular testing such as PCR to detect fungal DNA in the nail sample.
Wood's lamp examination to assess fluorescence in the infected nail, indicating fungal presence.
Clinical evaluation by a dermatologist to assess nail changes characteristic of onychomycosis.

Treatment for Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nails, can be treated through various methods. Topical antifungal medications, such as creams or nail lacquers, are commonly used for mild to moderate cases. For more severe infections, oral antifungal medications may be prescribed by a healthcare provider.

In some cases, a combination of topical and oral treatments may be recommended for optimal results. Additionally, laser therapy and surgical removal of the infected nail are other treatment options available. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan tailored to the specific needs of the individual.

Topical antifungal medications, such as ciclopirox and amorolfine, are commonly used to treat onychomycosis by directly targeting the fungal infection on the nails.
Oral antifungal drugs like terbinafine and itraconazole may be prescribed for more severe cases of onychomycosis that are resistant to topical treatments.
Laser therapy is a newer treatment option for onychomycosis, which uses focused light energy to eliminate the fungal infection without harming the surrounding tissues.
Surgical intervention, such as nail removal or debridement, may be necessary in cases where the infection is severe or causing pain and discomfort.
Over-the-counter antifungal nail polishes.

Find Our Specialists

Book Doctor Appointment