Nasopharyngeal Cancer: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Neelesh Kanderi , Oncologists

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Nasopharyngeal cancer, though relatively rare compared to other forms of cancer, presents unique challenges due to its location and symptomatology.

It is a malignant tumour that originates in the nasopharynx, the area located behind the nose and above the back of the throat. Unlike more common head and neck cancers, nasopharyngeal cancer is distinct in its epidemiology and clinical presentation.

What are the Symptoms of Nasopharyngeal Cancer?

Nasopharyngeal cancer symptoms can often be mistaken for other, less severe conditions, which can complicate early diagnosis. Common symptoms include:

Nasal Blockage or Bleeding: Persistent nasal congestion or epistaxis can be a sign.
Hearing Loss or Tinnitus: Due to the proximity to the Eustachian tube, auditory symptoms are prevalent.
Neck Masses: Lymph node involvement may present as palpable neck lumps.
Headaches and Facial Pain: Indicative of deeper tumour invasion.

What Causes Nasopharyngeal Cancer?

The exact etiology of nasopharyngeal cancer is not fully understood; however, several factors have been associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. These include genetic predispositions, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and dietary habits such as the consumption of salt-cured foods.

When Should You See a Doctor for Nasopharyngeal Cancer?

Consult an oncologists if you experience persistent nasal blockage, frequent nosebleeds, hearing changes, or a lump in the neck that does not improve. Early diagnosis can improve treatment success and reduce the risk of cancer spreading.

Persistent nasal congestion or blockage
Recurrent nosebleeds
Hearing loss or ringing in one ear
A painless lump in the neck
Persistent headaches or facial pain
Difficulty swallowing or speaking
Symptoms lasting more than two to three weeks

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment significantly improve treatment outcomes and long-term survival.

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How is Nasopharyngeal Cancer Diagnosed?

A combination of clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests are utilized to confirm nasopharyngeal cancer:

Endoscopic Examination: Visual assessment of the nasopharynx.
Biopsy: Histological analysis of tissue samples.
Imaging Studies: MRI and CT scan to evaluate tumour extent and lymph node involvement.
EBV DNA Testing: Detection of viral DNA can support diagnosis.

What are the Treatment Options for Nasopharyngeal Cancer?

Treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer is multidisciplinary, often involving a combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and sometimes surgery.

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer due to the tumour's radiosensitivity. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy ( IMRT) is commonly used to target the tumour while sparing surrounding tissues.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is typically used in conjunction with radiotherapy, especially in advanced stages. Agents such as cisplatin are commonly employed to enhance the effects of radiotherapy and to address systemic disease.

Surgery

Surgical intervention is less common due to the complex anatomy of the nasopharynx. However, it may be considered in cases where residual disease persists after chemoradiation or for metastatic neck lymph nodes.

Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy

Emerging treatments such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy are being explored. These therapies aim to target specific molecular pathways or enhance the body's immune response against cancer cells.

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What are the Stages of Nasopharyngeal Cancer?

Staging of nasopharyngeal cancer is critical for determining treatment and prognosis. The TNM system (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) is commonly employed:

Stage I: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx.
Stage II: Tumor extends to nearby areas.
Stage III: Involvement of regional lymph nodes or surrounding tissues.
Stage IV: Advanced disease with distant metastasis

What are the Risk Factors for Nasopharyngeal Cancer?

While the precise cause remains elusive, certain risk factors have been identified:

Genetic Factors: A family history of nasopharyngeal cancer increases susceptibility.
Viral Infections: EBV is strongly linked to nasopharyngeal cancer.
Geographical and Ethnic Predisposition: Higher incidences are noted in Southeast Asia, North Africa, and among Inuit populations.
Dietary Habits: Diets rich in salt-cured fish and meats have been associated with the disease.

What is the Prognosis for Nasopharyngeal Cancer?

The prognosis for nasopharyngeal cancer varies depending on the stage at diagnosis and the patient's response to treatment. The early-stage disease has a favourable prognosis with a high rate of remission following treatment. Regular follow-up is essential to monitor for recurrence or late effects of treatment.