Understanding Myelopathy: Symptoms and Treatments

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Prachi Rahul Pawar , Neurologists

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Myelopathy is a medical condition that affects the spinal cord. It can lead to various symptoms and affect your daily life. In this article, we will explore what myelopathy is, its symptoms, and the treatments available. We will also discuss the difference between compressive and non-compressive myelopathy.

It refers to any disorder that affects the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a crucial part of the central nervous system and is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. When the spinal cord is damaged, it can disrupt these signals and cause various symptoms.

What Are the Types of Myelopathy?

Myelopathy can be classified into two main types: compressive and non-compressive.

Compressive Myelopathy

Compressive myelopathy occurs when there is physical pressure on the spinal cord. This pressure can be due to various factors such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, tumors, or bone spurs. The compression of the spinal cord can lead to pain, weakness, and other neurological symptoms.

Non-Compressive Myelopathy

Non-compressive myelopathy, on the other hand, is not caused by physical pressure on the spinal cord. Instead, it can result from conditions such as infections, inflammation, or diseases like multiple sclerosis. These factors can damage the spinal cord without compressing it.

What Are the Symptoms of Myelopathy?

The symptoms of myelopathy can vary depending on the location and severity of the spinal cord damage. Common symptoms include:

Pain: This can be in the neck, back, or other parts of the body.
Weakness: Muscle weakness or difficulty in moving limbs.
Numbness: Loss of sensation in the arms, legs, or other areas.
Coordination Problems: Difficulty in walking or maintaining balance.
Bladder and Bowel Issues: Loss of control over bladder and bowel functions.

It's important to note that the symptoms can develop gradually or suddenly, depending on the cause of the myelopathy.

What Causes Myelopathy?

Myelopathy develops when the spinal cord is compressed or damaged, disrupting communication between the brain and the body. It may result from spinal disorders, injuries, infections, inflammation, tumors, or certain medical conditions.

Common Causes of Myelopathy Include:

Spinal stenosis
Herniated discs
Bone spurs (osteophytes)
Spinal cord injuries
Spinal tumors
Infections affecting the spinal cord
Autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Congenital spinal abnormalities
Degenerative spinal conditions

When Should You See a Doctor for Myelopathy?

Consult a neurologist if symptoms affect your daily activities or continue to worsen.

Persistent neck or back pain
Weakness in the arms or legs
Numbness or tingling
Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
Loss of bladder or bowel control
Reduced coordination or frequent falls

Early diagnosis helps prevent permanent spinal cord damage and improves treatment outcomes.

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How Is Myelopathy Diagnosed?

Diagnosing myelopathy involves several steps. A healthcare provider will typically start with a medical history and physical examination. They may also order various tests, such as:

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): This imaging test can provide detailed pictures of the spinal cord and help identify any compression or damage.
CT Scan: This test can offer detailed cross-sectional images of the spine.
X-Rays: These can help visualize the bones and identify any abnormalities.
Electromyography (EMG): This test measures the electrical activity of muscles and can help assess nerve and muscle function.

What Are the Treatment Options for Myelopathy?

The treatment for myelopathy depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Here are some common treatment options:

Medications

Pain Relievers: The prescription pain medications can help manage pain.
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: These can reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms.
Steroids: Corticosteroids can help reduce swelling and inflammation in the spinal cord.

Physical Therapy

Physical therapy can be beneficial for improving strength, flexibility, and mobility. A physical therapist can design a personalized exercise program to help manage symptoms and improve overall function.

Surgery

In cases of compressive myelopathy, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the spinal cord. Surgical options can include:

Decompression Surgery: Removing the source of compression, such as a herniated disc or bone spur.
Spinal Fusion: Stabilizing the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae together.
Laminectomy: Removing a portion of the vertebra to create more space for the spinal cord.

Alternative Treatments

Some patients may find relief through alternative treatments such as acupuncture, chiropractic care, or massage therapy. However, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before trying these options.

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How Can Myelopathy Be Prevented?

While not all cases of myelopathy can be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:

Maintain Good Posture: Proper posture can help reduce strain on the spine.
Exercise Regularly: Regular physical activity can strengthen the muscles that support the spine.
Avoid Smoking: Smoking can contribute to spinal problems and should be avoided.
Healthy Diet: A balanced diet with enough calcium and vitamin D can support bone health.

How Can You Live Well with Myelopathy?

Living with myelopathy can be challenging, but there are ways to manage the condition and maintain a good quality of life. Here are some tips:

Follow Your Treatment Plan: Adhere to the treatment plan prescribed by your healthcare provider.
Stay Active: Engage in regular physical activity to maintain strength and flexibility.
Use Assistive Devices: If necessary, use assistive devices such as canes or walkers to help with mobility.
Seek Support: Join support groups or seek counseling to cope with the emotional aspects of living with myelopathy.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What causes myelopathy?

Myelopathy is caused by compression or damage to the spinal cord, often due to degenerative disc disease, trauma, or spinal tumors. Inflammatory conditions can also contribute.

2. What are the symptoms of myelopathy?

Symptoms include difficulty walking, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, muscle weakness, and loss of bladder or bowel control in severe cases.

3. How is myelopathy diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves neurological examinations, MRI or CT scans to assess spinal cord damage, and sometimes a myelogram to detect compression or narrowing of the spinal canal.

4. What are the types of myelopathy?

Types include cervical, thoracic, and lumbar myelopathy, depending on the region of the spine affected. Each type presents with specific symptoms related to the location of spinal cord compression.

5. What are the treatment options for myelopathy?

Treatment may involve medications to reduce inflammation, physical therapy to improve mobility, or surgical intervention to relieve spinal cord compression.