Lattice Corneal Dystrophy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Vompolu Kamakshi Bhaskar , Ophthalmologists

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Lattice Corneal Dystrophy is a rare inherited eye disorder characterized by the accumulation of abnormal amyloid deposits within the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye. These deposits form branching, lattice-like lines that can gradually impair vision and cause recurrent corneal erosions. The condition typically progresses over time and may affect one or both eyes. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important to preserve vision and manage symptoms.

What are the Symptoms of Lattice Corneal Dystrophy?

The symptoms of Lattice Corneal Dystrophy can vary widely among individuals and often progress gradually. In many cases, symptoms begin to appear in childhood or early adulthood.

Initial Symptoms

Visual Disturbances: Patients may initially experience mild vision blurring or haziness due to the presence of amyloid deposits in the cornea.
Light Sensitivity: Increased sensitivity to light, also known as photophobia, is a common early symptom.
Recurrent Corneal Erosions: The fragile corneal surface can lead to painful erosions, which occur when the outermost layer of the cornea, the epithelium, detaches.

Progressive Symptoms

As the disorder advances, the following symptoms may become more pronounced:

Decreased Visual Acuity: The progressive buildup of amyloid deposits can lead to significant visual impairment.
Corneal Opacity: The lattice patterns formed by the deposits become more visible and can further obscure vision.
Increased Pain and Discomfort: Recurrent erosions can result in persistent eye pain and discomfort.

What are the Causes of Lattice Corneal Dystrophy?

Lattice Corneal Dystrophy (LCD) is caused by genetic mutations, mainly in the TGFBI gene on chromosome 5.
This gene helps maintain corneal structure, and mutations lead to amyloid deposits that affect corneal clarity.
LCD is autosomal dominant, meaning one mutated gene from an affected parent can cause the disorder.
Symptom severity and onset can vary, even within the same family.

When to See a Doctor for Lattice Corneal Dystrophy?

Individuals with recurrent eye pain, blurred vision, excessive tearing, or a family history of corneal dystrophy should consult an Ophthalmologist or Corneal Specialist for evaluation and long-term management.

You should see a doctor if you experience:

Persistent blurred vision
Repeated episodes of eye pain
Increased sensitivity to light

Seek immediate medical attention if:

Sudden severe eye pain develops
Vision decreases rapidly
Signs of corneal infection appear

These symptoms may indicate a corneal erosion or other serious complication requiring urgent treatment.

No doctors found for Lattice Corneal Dystrophy in any location.

How is Lattice Corneal Dystrophy Diagnosed?

Diagnosing Lattice Corneal Dystrophy involves a combination of clinical examination, family history assessment, and advanced diagnostic techniques.

Clinical Examination

An ophthalmologist will conduct a thorough eye examination to evaluate the corneal condition. This may include:

Slit-Lamp Examination: This allows the eye specialist to observe the cornea under high magnification and identify characteristic lattice patterns.
Corneal Topography: This imaging technique maps the surface curvature of the cornea, aiding in the detection of irregularities.

Genetic Testing

Given LCD's genetic basis, genetic testing can confirm the presence of mutations in the TGFBI gene. This is particularly useful for individuals with a family history of the disorder or those exhibiting atypical symptoms.

Additional Diagnostic Tools

Confocal Microscopy: This non-invasive technique provides detailed images of the cornea's layers, helping to assess the extent of amyloid deposition.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): OCT offers cross-sectional images of the cornea, enabling precise measurement of corneal thickness and structural integrity.

How is Lattice Corneal Dystrophy Managed and Treated?

While there is no definitive cure for Lattice Corneal Dystrophy, several management strategies can alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.

Conservative Management

Lubricating Eye Drops: Artificial tears can provide relief from dryness and irritation, particularly in cases of recurrent corneal erosions.
Bandage Contact Lenses: These can protect the corneal surface and reduce discomfort from erosions.
Hypertonic Saline Ointments: These may help lower corneal swelling and improve vision clarity.

Surgical Interventions

For advanced cases where visual impairment significantly affects daily life, surgical options may be considered:

Phototherapeutic Keratectomy (PTK): This laser procedure removes superficial corneal layers, reducing the impact of amyloid deposits.
Corneal Transplantation: In severe instances, a corneal transplant may be necessary to restore vision. This involves replacing the affected cornea with healthy donor tissue.

Emerging Therapies

Research into gene therapy and novel pharmacological treatments holds promise for future advancements in the management of Lattice Corneal Dystrophy. These approaches aim to address the underlying genetic mutations and inhibit amyloid deposition.

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What is the Recovery Process for Lattice Corneal Dystrophy?

Lattice Corneal Dystrophy is a lifelong progressive disorder. While medical and surgical treatments can significantly improve symptoms and vision, recurrence of amyloid deposits may occur even after corneal transplantation. Regular follow-up is essential for maintaining eye health. Long-term care focuses on preserving vision, managing recurrences, and improving quality of life.