Jejunal Atresia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Manish Kumar Kashyap , Pediatric Surgeon

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Jejunal atresia is a congenital condition characterized by the absence or closure of a portion of the jejunum, which is part of the small intestine. This condition disrupts the normal passage of contents through the digestive tract, leading to various complications if not promptly addressed.

It occurs when a segment of the jejunum is either missing or closed off, preventing the normal movement of food and digestive juices through the gastrointestinal tract. This condition typically presents itself shortly after birth and requires immediate medical attention. It is one of the types of intestinal atresia, a group of congenital defects affecting the intestines.

What Are the Symptoms of Jejunal Atresia?

Newborns with jejunal atresia typically exhibit symptoms shortly after birth. These symptoms can include:

Abdominal Distension: A noticeable swelling of the abdomen due to the accumulation of intestinal contents.
Bilious Vomiting: Greenish-yellow vomit caused by bile, which is a hallmark sign of an obstruction in the intestine.
Failure to Pass Meconium: Delay or inability to pass the first stool, known as meconium, within the initial 24 to 48 hours after birth.
Feeding Difficulties: Inability to tolerate feedings, leading to nutritional deficits and dehydration.

What Causes Jejunal Atresia?

Jejunal atresia develops before birth when part of the small intestine does not form properly. The condition is most commonly caused by an interruption in the blood supply to the developing intestine during fetal growth, resulting in blockage or absence of a segment of the jejunum.

Common Causes

Reduced blood supply to the developing intestine (vascular accident)
Abnormal fetal intestinal development
Rarely associated with certain congenital abnormalities
Usually occurs sporadically and is not inherited

When Should You See a Doctor for Jejunal Atresia?

Consult a Pediatric Surgeon immediately if a newborn develops symptoms of intestinal obstruction, especially within the first few days after birth.

Green or yellow (bilious) vomiting
Swollen or bloated abdomen
Failure to pass meconium within 24–48 hours
Difficulty feeding
Excessive sleepiness or poor activity
Signs of dehydration

Early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve recovery.

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How Is Jejunal Atresia Diagnosed?

The diagnosis of jejunal atresia typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation and imaging studies.

Prenatal Diagnosis

In some cases, jejunal atresia may be suspected during pregnancy through routine ultrasound examinations. Indicators such as polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid) or dilated bowel loops might suggest the presence of an intestinal obstruction. However, definitive diagnosis often requires postnatal evaluation.

Postnatal Diagnosis

Symptoms such as abdominal distension and bilious vomiting prompt further investigation after birth. Diagnostic imaging, including abdominal X-rays and contrast studies, is utilized to confirm the diagnosis and determine the location and extent of the atresia. These studies help visualize the obstruction and assess the condition of the intestines.

What Are the Treatment Options for Jejunal Atresia?

Jejunal atresia is treated with surgery soon after birth to restore normal intestinal function. Supportive care before and after surgery helps ensure proper nutrition, prevent complications, and promote healthy recovery.

Surgical repair (resection and anastomosis): Removes the blocked segment and reconnects the healthy ends of the intestine.
Nutritional support: Intravenous fluids and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) until feeding can safely begin.
Antibiotic therapy: Used when there is a risk or evidence of infection.
Postoperative care: NICU monitoring, pain management, gradual feeding, and observation for complications.
Parental counseling and follow-up: Helps families understand the condition, recovery process, and long-term care.

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What Is the Prognosis for Jejunal Atresia?

The prognosis for infants with jejunal atresia is generally favourable with timely surgical intervention. Most infants recover well and go on to lead healthy lives. However, regular follow-up is essential to monitor growth, nutritional status, and any potential complications.