What is Follicular Lymphoma? Diagnosis and Treatment

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Nilesh Wasekar , Hematologists

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Follicular lymphoma is a slow-growing cancer that starts in the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. These cells are part of the immune system and are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs. The term "follicular" refers to the way the cancer cells group together in clusters, resembling normal lymphoid follicles.

What are the Types of Follicular Lymphoma?

Follicular lymphoma is classified into different grades based on the appearance of the cancer cells under a microscope.

Grade 1 and 2

These are considered low-grade or indolent lymphomas. They grow slowly and often do not require immediate treatment.

Grade 3A and 3B

These are high-grade lymphomas. They grow more rapidly and usually require more aggressive treatment.

What are the Symptoms of Follicular Lymphoma?

The symptoms of follicular lymphoma can be subtle and may develop gradually over time. Common symptoms include the following.

Swollen Lymph Nodes

One of the most noticeable symptoms is swollen lymph nodes, especially in the neck, armpits, or groin. These swollen nodes are usually painless but may become tender.

Fatigue

Persistent fatigue and a general feeling of weakness are common in people with follicular lymphoma.

Fever and Night Sweats

Unexplained fever and drenching night sweats may occur and are common symptoms of lymphoma.

Weight Loss

Unexpected weight loss without changes in diet or exercise can be a warning sign.

Abdominal Pain or Swelling

Some individuals may develop abdominal pain, fullness, or swelling due to an enlarged spleen or liver.

What are the Causes of Follicular Lymphoma?

The exact cause of follicular lymphoma is not fully understood. However, several factors may increase the risk of developing the disease.

Age

Follicular lymphoma is more common in adults over 60 years of age.

Gender

Men are slightly more likely than women to develop follicular lymphoma.

Family History

A family history of lymphoma may increase the risk of developing this condition.

Immune System Disorders

Individuals with immune system disorders or those taking immunosuppressive medications after organ transplantation have a higher risk.

Environmental Factors

Exposure to certain chemicals, including pesticides and herbicides, may contribute to the development of follicular lymphoma.

When to see a Doctor for Follicular Lymphoma?

Follicular Lymphoma is a slow-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that requires timely medical evaluation and ongoing monitoring. Consult a Hematologist if you notice persistent swollen lymph nodes, unexplained weight loss, recurring fever, night sweats, persistent fatigue, or frequent infections.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help determine the stage of the disease, manage symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve long-term outcomes. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe breathing difficulty, chest pain, rapid enlargement of lymph nodes, or symptoms of severe infection.

Painless swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin that persist or increase in size.
Unexplained weight loss without changes in diet or physical activity.
Persistent or recurrent fever without an obvious infection.
Drenching night sweats that occur repeatedly.
Persistent fatigue or weakness that interferes with daily activities.
Frequent or recurring infections due to a weakened immune system.
Persistent abdominal pain, fullness, or swelling caused by an enlarged spleen or lymph nodes.
Shortness of breath, persistent cough, or chest discomfort due to enlarged lymph nodes in the chest.
Symptoms that worsen or recur after previous treatment for Follicular Lymphoma.
Severe breathing difficulty, high fever with signs of infection, chest pain, or rapidly enlarging lymph nodes requiring immediate emergency medical care.

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How is Follicular Lymphoma Diagnosed?

Diagnosing follicular lymphoma involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and tissue biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and determine the stage of the disease.

Physical Examination

A doctor performs a physical examination to check for enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, or other signs that may indicate lymphoma.

Blood Tests

Blood tests help identify abnormalities in blood cells and assess overall health, which may provide clues about the presence of lymphoma.

Imaging Tests

Imaging studies such as CT scans, PET scans, and MRI scans are used to determine the location and extent of the lymphoma.

Biopsy

A lymph node biopsy is the most reliable method for diagnosing follicular lymphoma. The tissue sample is examined under a microscope to identify cancer cells.

Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy

These tests determine whether the lymphoma has spread to the bone marrow, which helps in staging the disease.

How is Follicular Lymphoma Treated?

Treatment depends on the stage, grade, symptoms, and overall health of the patient. Common treatment options include:

Watchful Waiting

For slow-growing, low-grade follicular lymphoma without symptoms, doctors may recommend close monitoring without immediate treatment.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells and is often recommended when the lymphoma is confined to one area.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses anticancer drugs to destroy lymphoma cells and is commonly used for advanced or symptomatic disease.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy, such as rituximab, specifically attacks lymphoma cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy strengthens the immune system to recognize and destroy lymphoma cells more effectively.

Stem Cell Transplant

For selected patients with recurrent or aggressive disease, a stem cell transplant may be recommended to replace diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells.

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How to Prevent Follicular Lymphoma?

Although there is no guaranteed way to prevent follicular lymphoma, certain healthy lifestyle practices may help lower the risk.

Avoiding Harmful Chemicals

Reducing exposure to pesticides, herbicides, and other harmful chemicals may help decrease the risk.

Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle

Following a balanced diet, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco products support overall health.

Regular Check-ups

Routine medical examinations can help detect health problems early and allow timely medical intervention.

How to Live with Follicular Lymphoma?

Living with follicular lymphoma can be challenging, but appropriate treatment, regular follow-up, and emotional support can help maintain a good quality of life.