Epicondylitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr NVS Vinay , Orthopedics

Epicondylitis is a painful condition affecting the tendons attached to the epicondyles of the elbow, usually caused by repetitive overuse or strain. It includes lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), which affects the outer part of the elbow, and medial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow), which affects the inner part. The condition results from microscopic tendon damage and degeneration rather than acute inflammation. Common symptoms include elbow pain, tenderness, reduced grip strength, and discomfort during activities involving the wrist or forearm. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent chronic tendon damage.

What are the Types of Epicondylitis?

Epicondylitis is mainly classified into two types: lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) and medial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow), based on the affected side of the elbow.

Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow)

Medial epicondylitis affects the inner side of the elbow. It is caused by damage to the tendons that flex the wrist toward the palm, leading to pain in the medial epicondyle. This condition is not exclusive to golfers; it can affect anyone who performs repetitive wrist flexion or forearm pronation.

Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)

Lateral epicondylitis affects the outer elbow and is associated with damage to the tendons that extend the wrist backward. As with golfer's elbow, it is not limited to tennis players. Any activity involving repetitive wrist extension or forearm supination can precipitate this condition.

What are the Symptoms of Epicondylitis?

The symptoms of epicondylitis can vary in intensity and duration. Common symptoms include:

These symptoms can significantly impact daily activities and performance in sports or occupational tasks.

What are the Causes of Epicondylitis?

The primary cause of epicondylitis is the overuse of forearm muscles and tendons. Activities that involve repetitive wrist and arm motions, such as sports, painting, typing, or even extensive use of hand tools, can lead to epicondylitis. Other contributing factors include improper technique in sports, poor ergonomics, and inadequate equipment.

Risk Factors

Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing epicondylitis. These include age, as the condition is more prevalent in adults between 30 and 50 years old; occupation or hobbies involving repetitive arm motions; and previous injuries to the elbow.

When to See a Doctor for Epicondylitis?

Individuals with persistent elbow pain, reduced grip strength, or symptoms that do not improve after several weeks of rest should consult an Orthopedic Specialist or Sports Medicine Specialist.

You should see a doctor if you experience:

Seek immediate medical attention if you:

These symptoms may indicate a fracture, tendon rupture, nerve injury, or another serious condition requiring urgent medical care.

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How is Epicondylitis Diagnosed?

A thorough physical examination is essential for diagnosing epicondylitis. During the assessment, a healthcare professional will evaluate the range of motion, tenderness, and pain in the elbow area. Additionally, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs may be employed to rule out other conditions and confirm the diagnosis.

Physical Examination

The physical examination will typically involve palpating the elbow region to identify tenderness and conducting specific tests to determine the extent of tendon involvement. The doctor may ask the patient to perform movements that exacerbate pain to assess the condition further.

Imaging Tests

While not always necessary, imaging tests can help rule out other potential causes of elbow pain, such as fractures or arthritis. MRIs provide detailed images of soft tissues, aiding in the diagnosis of tendon injuries.

What are the Treatment Options for Epicondylitis?

Effective management of epicondylitis involves a combination of self-care measures, medical treatments, and, in some cases, surgical intervention. The primary goals of treatment are to alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and restore function.

Rest and Activity Modification

The first line of treatment involves resting the affected arm and avoiding activities that trigger pain. Modifying techniques or using ergonomic equipment can prevent further strain on the tendons.

Physical Therapy

Physical therapy plays a crucial role in recovery. A trained therapist will design an exercise regimen to strengthen the forearm muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce stress on the tendons. Techniques such as massage, ultrasound therapy, and stretching exercises can also aid in recovery.

Medications

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed to reduce pain and inflammation. In some cases, corticosteroid injections may be administered directly into the affected area for more immediate relief.

Surgical Treatment

Surgery is considered a last resort for chronic cases unresponsive to conservative treatment. The procedure typically involves removing damaged tissue and repairing the tendon. Post-operative rehabilitation is critical for a successful recovery.

Alternative Therapies

Some patients explore alternative therapies such as acupuncture, shockwave therapy, or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections. While evidence supporting these treatments is limited, they may provide relief for some individuals.

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What is the Prevention of Epicondylitis?

Preventing epicondylitis involves adopting strategies to minimize strain on the forearm muscles and tendons. These include:

By integrating these practices, individuals can reduce the risk of developing epicondylitis and maintain optimal elbow health.

What is the Recovery Process for Epicondylitis?

Recovery depends on the severity of tendon injury and adherence to treatment. Most individuals recover within several weeks to months with conservative management, while those requiring surgery may need a longer rehabilitation period. Gradual return to work and sports helps prevent recurrence.

Following the prescribed rehabilitation program, performing strengthening exercises regularly, avoiding repetitive strain until healing is complete, maintaining proper ergonomics, using appropriate sports techniques, and attending follow-up appointments help support long-term recovery and elbow function.

Recovery Includes