Angiodysplasia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments & Complications

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr A Venkateshwar Rao , Gastroenterologists Medical

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Angiodysplasia is a condition where small, fragile blood vessels form abnormally in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, most often in the colon. These vessels can become stretched or enlarged, leading to bleeding. It's more common in older adults and can cause symptoms like blood in the stool or anemia.

What Are the Symptoms of Angiodysplasia?

Angiodysplasia usually affects the digestive tract and may not show clear signs at first. But over time, bleeding can develop, leading to noticeable symptoms. Recognizing them early can help avoid serious complications like anemia.

Common Symptoms

Blood in the stool that may not be visible (hidden bleeding)
Light bleeding from the rectum
Feeling tired without a clear reason
Pale skin due to slow blood loss

What Are the Common Causes of Angiodysplasia?

The exact cause of angiodysplasia remains unclear; however, it is believed to result from degenerative changes in blood vessels due to ageing or other underlying conditions. The following factors may contribute to the development of angiodysplasia.

Angiodysplasia Causes

Mechanical stress: Repeated contractions of the gastrointestinal tract may lead to the dilation and eventual rupture of blood vessels.
Aging: With age, blood vessels may become more susceptible to degeneration and malformation.
Genetic predisposition: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to vascular anomalies, including angiodysplasia.

When to See a Doctor?

Angiodysplasia can often go unnoticed in the early stages, especially if bleeding is mild or hidden. But knowing when to get medical help from gastroenterologist is important to avoid complications like ongoing blood loss or anemia.

You should see a doctor if you notice

Blood in your stool, even small traces, shouldn't be ignored
Unexplained fatigue or weakness that doesn't improve with rest
Dizziness or fainting, especially after bowel movements
Shortness of breath during routine tasks
Low haemoglobin or iron levels are found during a routine check-up

It's especially important to get checked if you.

Are over 60 years old
Have a history of heart or kidney disease
Take blood thinners like aspirin or warfarin
Have had previous GI bleeding or anaemia

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How Angiodysplasia is Diagnosed?

Diagnosing angiodysplasia usually starts with a careful look at symptoms like blood in the stool or unexplained anemia. Since bleeding can be slow or hidden, doctors often use a mix of tests to find the source.

Common Diagnostic Methods

Blood tests: Check for anemia caused by long-term blood loss.
Stool tests: Detect small amounts of hidden blood in your stool.
Colonoscopy: Helps locate abnormal blood vessels in the large intestine.
Upper endoscopy: Looks at the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine for bleeding.
Capsule endoscopy: A small camera capsule is swallowed to view hard-to-reach areas.
CT angiography: Gives detailed images of blood vessels to find active bleeding.
Radionuclide scan: Tracks where blood is leaking using tagged red blood cells.

What Are the Treatment Options for Angiodysplasia?

Treatment for angiodysplasia depends on how severe the bleeding is and whether it's causing other health problems like anemia. Some people may not need treatment right away, while others might require medical or surgical help to control bleeding and prevent it from coming back.

Main Treatment Options

Iron Supplements or Blood Transfusions: These are often used when slow blood loss leads to anemia. They help improve energy levels but don't treat the root cause.
Endoscopic Treatment: Doctors use a scope to find and treat the bleeding vessels. Heat, laser, or argon plasma coagulation can seal them. Often done as a day procedure with quick recovery.
Medications: Drugs like octreotide may reduce blood flow to abnormal vessels and lower the chance of future bleeding. Usually used in people who can't undergo procedures or have repeated bleeding.
Angiographic Embolization: This is a minimally invasive method where bleeding vessels are blocked using a catheter. Helpful when the source of bleeding is hard to reach with a scope.
Surgery: Rarely needed, but if bleeding is severe and ongoing, doctors may remove the affected part of the intestine.

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What are the Complications of Angiodysplasia?

Angiodysplasia may seem mild at first, but if not treated properly, it can lead to serious health problems. Most of these issues are linked to blood loss in the digestive tract, which can happen slowly over time or suddenly.

Possible Complications

Chronic anemia: Ongoing blood loss can reduce red blood cells, causing fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.
Sudden heavy bleeding: In some cases, bleeding can be severe and may need urgent medical care.
Frequent need for blood transfusions: Repeated bleeding might lead to low hemoglobin levels, requiring transfusions.
Hospital stays or surgery: If bleeding can't be controlled, surgery might be needed to remove the affected part of the intestine.
Reduced daily function: Constant tiredness or fear of bleeding can affect your ability to work, travel, or enjoy daily life.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can you die from angiodysplasia?

Angiodysplasia is not usually fatal, but it can lead to serious bleeding if untreated. In rare cases, severe blood loss may cause life-threatening complications. Timely medical care greatly reduces the risk.

2. What foods are good for angiodysplasia?

Foods high in iron like leafy greens, beans, and lean meats are helpful for managing blood loss. Gentle, easy-to-digest meals can reduce strain on the intestines. Avoiding spicy foods and alcohol may also help if symptoms worsen.

3. How can angiodysplasia be cured?

Angiodysplasia isn't always curable but is often well-managed with treatments like endoscopic cauterization. In some cases, medications or minor surgery may be needed. Regular monitoring helps control future bleeding.

4. Is angiodysplasia a form of cancer?

Angiodysplasia is not a type of cancer. It's a non-cancerous condition involving abnormal blood vessels in the digestive tract. While harmless in structure, it can lead to ongoing bleeding.

5. Can angiodysplasia go away on its own?

In some people, minor angiodysplasia may stop bleeding without treatment. However, it often returns and may require medical attention. Regular checkups help detect recurrences early.

6. What is the diet for angiodysplasia?

There isn't a strict diet for angiodysplasia, but soft, low-fiber foods may help reduce irritation in the gut. Eating iron-rich meals can also support blood levels if bleeding occurs. Your doctor may suggest dietary changes based on your symptoms.