Adenocarcinoma: Causes and Treatments

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Neelesh Kanderi , Oncologists

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1. Causes 2. Find a Doctor 3. Diagnosis 4. Treatment 5. FAQs

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in glandular cells found in epithelial tissue. These cells produce and release substances such as mucus, digestive juices, and other fluids. Adenocarcinoma can occur in several organs, including the lungs, breasts, pancreas, colon, stomach, prostate, and esophagus.

This cancer is classified based on the organ where it begins. Some of the commonly diagnosed forms include lung adenocarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Each type differs in its symptoms, diagnostic process, and treatment approach.

What Are the Types of Adenocarcinoma?

Adenocarcinoma can develop in several organs that contain glandular cells. The following are some of the commonly identified types.

Colon and rectum adenocarcinoma: begins as polyps in the large intestine or rectum and may later become cancerous.
Breast adenocarcinoma: develops in the milk-producing glands of the breast.
Stomach adenocarcinoma: forms in mucus-producing cells of the stomach lining.
Esophageal adenocarcinoma: starts in the mucus glands of the lower esophagus.
Lung adenocarcinoma: commonly develops in the outer parts of the lungs.
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: begins in the ducts of the pancreas that assist in digestion.
Prostate adenocarcinoma: develops in the prostate gland that produces fluid for sperm.

What Are the Symptoms of Adenocarcinoma?

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the organ where the cancer develops. However, some general signs may appear early and should not be ignored.

Pain near the affected organ
Blood in bodily fluids such as urine, stool, or saliva
Changes in appetite or unexplained weight changes
Bloating or abdominal discomfort

In addition to general symptoms, certain organs may show more specific signs when affected.

Lung Adenocarcinoma

Persistent cough that does not improve
Coughing up mucus or blood
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Wheezing or breathing difficulty
Hoarseness
Jaundice

Breast Adenocarcinoma

Changes in the shape or size of the breast
Flaky, dimpled, or discolored skin on the breast or nipple
Bloody discharge from the nipple

Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

Abdominal pain or cramps
Persistent diarrhea or constipation
Blood in the stool

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Stomach pain with unexplained weight loss
Back pain
Heartburn
Nausea and vomiting
Floating stool

Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

Often no symptoms in early stages
Erectile dysfunction
Frequent urination

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Difficulty swallowing
Indigestion
Coughing
Hoarseness
Chest pressure or burning

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Feeling full after eating small amounts of food
Difficulty swallowing
Nausea
Indigestion

What Causes Adenocarcinoma?

The exact cause of adenocarcinoma varies by organ. However, several genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of developing this cancer.

Genetic mutations such as KRAS and EGFR that increase susceptibility to certain cancers
Exposure to carcinogens like tobacco smoke, asbestos, and industrial chemicals
Unhealthy lifestyle habits, including poor diet and physical inactivity
Excessive alcohol consumption
Obesity, which increases the risk of esophageal and colon adenocarcinoma

When Should You See a Doctor for Adenocarcinoma?

Early medical attention can improve outcomes for many cancers. If you notice unusual or persistent symptoms, it is important to consult an oncologist.

Persistent cough, chest pain, or breathing problems
Blood in stool, urine, or mucus
Unexplained weight loss or appetite changes
Difficulty swallowing or persistent indigestion
Unusual lumps or changes in breast tissue

Depending on the symptoms and affected organ, specialists such as oncologists, gastroenterologists, pulmonologists, or urologists may be involved in diagnosis and treatment.

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How is Adenocarcinoma Diagnosed?

Diagnosing adenocarcinoma usually requires a combination of imaging tests, laboratory investigations, and tissue examination. These tests help doctors determine the location, size, and spread of the tumour.

Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans to identify the tumour
Biopsy to examine cancerous tissue under a microscope
Blood tests and tumour markers to monitor cancer activity
Staging using the TNM system to assess tumour size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis

What are the Treatment ?Options for Adenocarcinoma?

Treatment for adenocarcinoma depends on factors such as the cancer's location, stage, and the patient's overall health. Doctors often use a combination of therapies to manage the disease effectively.

Surgery to remove the tumour and the nearby affected tissue
Chemotherapy uses medications that destroy or slow the growth of cancer cells
Radiation therapy that targets cancer cells with high-energy rays
Targeted therapy using drugs that block specific molecules involved in cancer growth

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What is the Recovery Process for Adenocarcinoma?

The recovery process after adenocarcinoma treatment varies based on the type of cancer, stage at diagnosis, and the treatment methods used. Regular monitoring and supportive care play an important role in recovery.

Follow-up visits and imaging tests to monitor treatment response
Rehabilitation and nutritional support to regain strength
Management of treatment side effects
Regular screenings to detect recurrence early
Adopting healthy lifestyle habits such as a balanced diet, exercise, and avoiding tobacco