Pectus Carinatum: Causes and Treatments

Pectus carinatum, which is commonly known as "pigeon chest," is a structural deformity of the chest wall where the sternum sticks out. Though it is less common than its counterpart, pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum can create both physical and psychological challenges for those who are affected.

In this article, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for pectus carinatum, giving you a complete understanding of this congenital condition. Many people often ask, Is pectus carinatum dangerous? We will answer this question and provide all the necessary details to help you understand the condition better.

What is Pectus Carinatum?

Pectus carinatum is a deformity characterized by the outward protrusion of the sternum and rib cartilages. This abnormal growth typically becomes more pronounced during the rapid growth spurts of adolescence.

While the exact incidence is unclear, pectus carinatum is less prevalent than pectus excavatum, occurring in approximately 1 in every 1,500 children. It is more common in males and can be associated with other syndromes such as Marfan syndrome and Noonan syndrome.

Is pectus carinatum dangerous?

Pectus carinatum is usually not dangerous, but it can cause some discomfort or pain in certain cases. It’s a condition where the breastbone sticks out. Generally, it doesn’t affect the heart or lungs, but if it’s very severe, it could lead to some breathing problems. Sometimes, it may also cause emotional distress due to how it looks. If it's severe, treatments like bracing or surgery are available.

Causes of Pectus Carinatum

The exact cause of pectus carinatum is not fully understood, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Genetic Factors

If someone in the family has pectus carinatum, there’s a higher chance that the condition might develop in other family members as well. A person may be more susceptible to this disorder if they have mutations or polymorphisms in the genes that regulate the production of cartilage and bone. Pectus carinatum may result from these genetic alterations that produce abnormal rib and sternum cartilage development.

Environmental Factors

External factors, like the rapid growth spurts during puberty, can also contribute to the pectus carinatum causes. When the bones and cartilage grow at different speeds during this phase, it can lead to the protrusion that defines this condition.

Symptoms of Pectus Carinatum

The symptoms of pectus carinatum can differ from person to person. Some individuals may not experience much, while for others, it can cause both physical and emotional challenges.

Physical Symptoms of Pectus Carinatum

Psychological Symptoms

Diagnosis of Pectus Carinatum

Diagnosing pectus carinatum typically involves a combination of physical examinations and imaging studies.

Physical Examination

A healthcare provider will conduct a thorough physical examination, assessing the extent of the chest protrusion and evaluating any associated symptoms. They may also inquire about family history and any related medical conditions.

Imaging Studies

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are done to see how pectus carinatum is affecting lung function. These tests measure lung capacity, airflow, and gas exchange to determine how much the condition is compromising breathing.

Treatment Options for Pectus Carinatum

Pectus carinatum treatment varies depending on the severity of the condition and the symptoms associated with it. There are both non-surgical and surgical options available.

Non-Surgical Treatments

Surgical Treatments

In cases where non-surgical treatments are not effective, or if pectus carinatum is severe, surgical intervention may be needed. For more severe cases, surgical repair of pectus carinatum might be necessary.

Connection to Pectus Excavatum

Pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum are two sides of the same coin, both resulting from abnormal growth of the sternum and rib cartilages. While pectus carinatum involves outward protrusion, pectus excavatum is characterized by an inward depression of the sternum.

The two conditions can coexist in some individuals, leading to a mixed presentation. Understanding the connection between these conditions can aid in comprehensive diagnosis and treatment planning.

Impact on Respiratory Function

Structural abnormalities may also impede respiratory function not only in both pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum. The protruding sternum may restrict the movement of the lungs, which limits lung capacity and disrupts gas exchange. This often results in shortness of breath, especially on exertion, and one may have reduced exercise tolerance.

In pectus carinatum, regular monitoring of respiratory function is important, particularly in those with significant deformities or respiratory symptoms. Pulmonary function tests and imaging studies can help gauge the severity of respiratory problems and guide treatment options.

Conclusion

Pectus carinatum, a growing condition also known as pigeon breast, is a congenital condition that can affect different people in different ways. It is key to understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options in an effective way.

Early diagnosis and treatment, including bracing, physical therapy or surgery, can markedly improve outcomes and quality of life. By working with the healthcare team, patients, and families, a plan can be established to fit the physical and emotional needs of each individual. Raising awareness and providing proper care will enable people with pectus carinatum to lead healthier and more self-assured lives.

Frequently Asked Questions