040 68334455
WhatsApp
Patient Portal
Home Care
What is Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome?
Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Sandeep Botcha , Vascular Endovascular Surgeon
Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome is a rare digestive system disorder where the third part of the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine) becomes compressed between two major blood vessels: the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. This narrowing blocks the normal passage of food, leading to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, especially after meals.
The condition often results from significant weight loss, which reduces the fat cushion that normally keeps the artery from pressing against the intestine. Although SMA syndrome can affect anyone, it is most common in young adults and individuals with low body fat due to illness, eating disorders, or surgery.
Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to relieve symptoms and prevent malnutrition or further complications.
What are the Symptoms and Warning Signs of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome?
Symptoms of SMA often begin after eating and may resemble other digestive issues. However, the pattern of post-meal discomfort, weight loss, and visible bloating can help point to this rare condition.
Common Symptoms of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome
- Nausea, especially after meals
- Feeling full quickly (early satiety)
- Abdominal bloating or visible swelling in the upper belly
- Cramp-like abdominal pain, especially in the middle or upper area
- Loss of appetite
- Burping or acid reflux
- Constipation or sluggish bowel movement
Severe Symptoms of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome
- Vomiting, sometimes of undigested food or bile
- Rapid or unintentional weight loss
- Difficulty gaining or maintaining weight
- Signs of malnutrition (fatigue, weakness, poor growth in children)
- Dehydration due to poor intake or frequent vomiting
What are the Common Causes and Risk Factors of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome?
SMA Syndrome occurs when the space between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery narrows, compressing the duodenum. This space is normally cushioned by fat, and when that fat is lost, pressure increases on the intestine.
Causes of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome
- Rapid or severe weight loss due to illness, eating disorders, or surgery
- Spinal surgery (especially for scoliosis), which changes the angle of the artery
- Prolonged bed rest or immobility
- Congenital anatomical variations (less common)
Risk Factors of SMA Syndrome
- Individuals with low body fat, such as athletes, dancers, or those with high metabolic needs
- Adolescents and young adults, especially underweight females
- Conditions causing malnutrition or chronic illness (e.g., cancer, HIV, tuberculosis)
- History of abdominal surgery
- Genetic connective tissue disorders (rare)
Anyone experiencing persistent digestive discomfort with unexplained weight loss should consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation.
Get a second opinion from trusted experts and makeconfident, informed decisions.
Get Second OpinionHow is Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome Diagnosed?
Diagnosing SMA Syndrome can be challenging because its symptoms often mimic other gastrointestinal conditions. Doctors rely on a combination of medical history, physical exam, and imaging tests to confirm the diagnosis.
Step-by-Step Diagnostic Process
- Medical History and Physical Exam:
- The doctor will ask about weight loss, eating patterns, and symptoms after meals
- A physical exam may reveal signs of malnutrition or bloating
- Imaging Tests: These tests help visualize the narrowed space between the artery and the intestine:
- CT Scan or MRI: Shows the angle between the aorta and SMA, and duodenal compression
- Upper GI Barium X-ray: Reveals delayed stomach emptying and blockage in the duodenum
- Ultrasound or Doppler Study: May assess blood flow and vessel angles
- Endoscopy (optional):
- Used to rule out other causes like ulcers or tumors
- May show a dilated stomach and compressed small intestine
- Lab Tests: Not diagnostic for SMA itself, but may detect nutritional deficiencies, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalances.
Early diagnosis is important to prevent further weight loss, nutritional issues, and chronic discomfort.
What are the Treatment Options for Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome?
Treatment for Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome depends on how severe the symptoms are. The main goal is to relieve the pressure on the intestine, restore a healthy weight, and ease discomfort. Many patients respond well to non-surgical treatment, but surgery may be needed in severe or unresponsive cases.
Conservative (Non-Surgical) Treatment
This is often the first approach, especially in early or mild cases.
- Nutritional Support:
- High-calorie meals and nutritional drinks to promote weight gain
- Feeding through a nasogastric or nasojejunal tube if oral intake is difficult
- In some cases, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may be used temporarily
- Positioning Tips After Eating:
- Lying on the left side, stomach, or in the knee-chest position may help relieve pressure
- Medications:
- Anti-nausea and acid-reducing drugs to manage symptoms
- Pain relief if needed
Surgical Treatment (for severe or non-responsive cases)
If conservative methods fail after a few weeks, surgery may be considered.
- Duodenojejunostomy: The most common surgery; it creates a new path for food to bypass the compressed area.
- Strong' Procedure (Ligament of Treitz Release): A less common option to reposition the duodenum and relieve pressure.
- Laparoscopic (minimally invasive) techniques are often used to reduce recovery time.
Recovery depends on the patient' age, nutritional status, and how long the symptoms have been present before treatment began.
When to See a Doctor?
It'simportant to seek medical advice early if you suspect Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome, especially in children, teens, or anyone with recent rapid weight loss. Early care can prevent serious complications like malnutrition or dehydration.
See a doctor if you or your child has:
- Ongoing nausea or vomiting, especially after meals
- Unexplained weight loss or trouble gaining weight
- Feeling full quickly or a poor appetite
- Belly pain that worsens when lying on the back
- Signs of dehydration, dry mouth, dark urine, dizziness, or tiredness
- Symptoms that get worse despite eating better or taking medications
If symptoms are severe, do not delay. A prompt evaluation can help identify SMA Syndrome and begin the right treatment to prevent long-term health issues.
Your health is everything - prioritize your well-being today.
Consult Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome Doctors Today
What Precautions Can Help Prevent Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome?
While SMA Syndrome can't always be prevented, especially when it's linked to anatomical factors, certain steps can reduce the risk, especially in people prone to weight loss or nutritional issues.
Prevention Tips
- Maintain a healthy body weight through a balanced diet
- Seek early medical help if experiencing unexplained weight loss
- Ensure proper nutrition during and after illness, surgery, or eating disorders
- Follow a doctor-supervised recovery plan after spinal or abdominal surgery
- Monitor weight and appetite in children and teens with fast growth or athletic training
- Avoid prolonged periods of bed rest without movement or nutritional support
Complications of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome
If left untreated, SMA Syndrome can lead to serious complications due to long-term pressure on the small intestine and poor nutrient absorption.
Potential Complications
- Severe malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies
- Dehydration from chronic vomiting or poor intake
- Electrolyte imbalance, which can affect the heart and muscles
- Gastrointestinal bleeding (rare)
- Delayed growth and development in children
- Psychological effects like food aversion or anxiety related to eating
Early diagnosis and proper care help prevent these issues and support a full recovery.
Our Experience Treating Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome
At Medicover Hospitals, we care for people with rare digestive issues like Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome. Our expert team includes gastroenterologists, pediatricians, and dietitians who work together to diagnose and treat this condition.
We use advanced scans to confirm the diagnosis and create treatment plans that may include diet support or surgery. During recovery, we guide patients with simple meal plans, symptom tracking, and emotional care. We understand the challenges of weight-related conditions and offer complete support at every step. Our goal is to give safe, effective, and personalized care that helps each patient feel better and heal faster.
