Spleen Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Manoj Kumar Patta , Gastroenterologists Surgical

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Spleen cancer is a rare but serious condition that affects the spleen, a vital organ involved in immune function and blood filtration. It can cause a range of symptoms and may impact overall health if not detected early. Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage complications and maintain quality of life.

What are the Spleen Cancer Symptoms and Warning Signs?

Spleen cancer is rare and may not show symptoms in early stages. However, recognizing the warning signs early can help with timely diagnosis and treatment. Here's a breakdown of common and severe symptoms associated with spleen cancer.

Common Symptom

• Pain or fullness in the left upper abdomen
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue or weakness
• Frequent infections
• Feeling full after eating small amounts

Severe Symptoms

• Enlarged spleen (felt as a mass under the ribs)
• Abdominal swelling
• Anemia-related symptoms (pale skin, dizziness)
• Easy bleeding or bruising
• Night sweats

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What Are the Different Types of Spleen Cancer?

Primary spleen cancer is extremely rare. Most cancers involving the spleen are secondary, meaning they spread from other parts of the body. However, when spleen cancer does occur, it typically falls into a few specific categories:

Primary Splenic Lymphoma

This is the most common type of spleen cancer, originating from the lymphatic tissues within the spleen.

It is further categorized into Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, each with unique subtypes and prognostic implications.

Secondary Spleen Cancer

Secondary spleen cancer refers to metastases from other primary cancers, such as those originating in the lymph nodes, liver, or bone marrow.

The treatment approach for secondary spleen cancer primarily focuses on addressing the primary malignancy.

Splenic Sarcoma

A rare form of spleen cancer, splenic sarcoma arises from the connective tissues within the spleen.

This type is often aggressive and requires prompt intervention.

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What are the Common Causes and Risk Factors of Spleen Cancer?

Spleen cancer is rare, and its exact cause is often unclear. However, certain medical conditions and personal factors may contribute to its development. Understanding these can help identify individuals who may be at higher risk.

Causes

• Genetic mutations affecting blood or lymphatic cells
• Chronic immune system disorders
• Previous radiation or chemotherapy treatments
• Blood vessel abnormalities (for angiosarcoma)

Risk Factors

• Age (more common in older adults)
• History of lymphoma or leukemia
• Long-term exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., benzene)
• Weakened immune system (e.g., from HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive therapy)
• Chronic infections like hepatitis C or Epstein-Barr virus

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How Spleen Cancer is Diagnosed?

Diagnosing spleen cancer involves a thorough evaluation using imaging, laboratory tests, and specialist consultations. Because symptoms can be vague, a combination of tests is crucial for accurate detection and staging.

• Blood Tests: To check for anemia, abnormal white blood cells, and signs of infection or lymphoma
• Ultrasound: Ultrasound tests To detect spleen enlargement or masses
• CT Scan or MRI: Detailed imaging to identify tumors and assess spread
• PET Scan: Helps detect active cancer cells in the spleen and other areas
• Biopsy or Bone Marrow Test: To confirm lymphoma or rule out other conditions

Medicover's Diagnostic Capabilities: At Medicover, we offer advanced imaging technology and in-house pathology for rapid test results. Our multidisciplinary team includes hematologists, oncologists, and radiologists who specialize in rare cancers like splenic lymphoma.

Unique Diagnostic Approaches: Medicover uses PET-CT fusion imaging and flow cytometry for precise lymphoma detection, along with individual diagnostic pathways for faster.

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What Are the Treatment Options for Spleen Cancer?

The treatment of spleen cancer is multifaceted, involving a combination of therapies prepared to the patient's specific condition and stage of the disease. Common treatment modalities include:

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves using potent drugs to destroy cancer cells.

It is often the primary treatment for lymphomas and may be used in combination with other therapies.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy utilizes high-energy beams to target and eradicate cancer cells. It is commonly employed for localized spleen cancer or as an adjunct to chemotherapy.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy improves the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.

Monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors are examples of immunotherapeutic agents used in spleen cancer treatment.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy involves the use of drugs that specifically target molecular pathways involved in cancer growth and progression.

This approach minimizes damage to healthy cells and improves treatment efficacy.

Splenectomy

Surgical removal of the spleen, known as splenectomy, may be necessary in cases of localized spleen cancer or when the spleen is causing significant symptoms.

Post-splenectomy patients require vaccinations and prophylactic antibiotics to prevent infections.

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When to See a Doctor?

Early medical evaluation can make a significant difference in managing spleen cancer. While symptoms may be vague, certain signs and risk factors warrant prompt attention.

Seek Medical Attention If You Experience

• Persistent upper left abdominal pain or fullness lasting more than 2 weeks
• Unexplained fatigue, weight loss, or frequent infections
• Noticeable swelling or mass under the ribcage
• Night sweats or easy bruising without clear cause

High-Risk Groups Needing Prompt Consultation

• Individuals with a history of lymphoma or leukemia
• People over 60 experiencing unexplained abdominal discomfort
• Those with chronic immune disorders or previous cancer treatments

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What Is the Recovery Process After Spleen Cancer Treatment?

Recovery after spleen cancer treatment varies based on the treatment type, overall health, and cancer stage. With the right care and monitoring, many patients regain strength and return to daily life with improved well-being.

Follow-Up Schedule

• Regular check-ups every 3-6 months for the first two years
• Blood tests and imaging to monitor for recurrence
• Annual reviews after stable recovery

Lifestyle and Diet Recommendations

• Eat a balanced diet rich in protein, iron, and antioxidants
• Avoid raw or undercooked food to reduce infection risk after splenectomy
• Stay physically active with light exercises to rebuild stamina
• Limit alcohol and stop smoking to aid immune recovery

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What Precautions Can Help Prevent Spleen Cancer?

While spleen cancer cannot always be prevented, adopting certain lifestyle habits and staying proactive about your health may reduce risk and support early detection, especially in high-risk individuals.

Prevention

• Maintain a healthy immune system with a balanced diet and regular exercise
• Avoid long-term exposure to harmful chemicals like benzene
• Stop smoking and limit alcohol consumption
• Get vaccinated and manage chronic infections (e.g., hepatitis, HIV)
• Undergo regular check-ups if you have a history of blood cancers or immune disorders

Complications if Left Untreated

• Enlargement of the spleen leading to pressure on nearby organs
• Increased risk of severe infections or internal bleeding
• Progression to advanced stages with spread to other organs
• Severe fatigue, anemia, and compromised immune function

Early detection through timely consultation and awareness of symptoms can significantly lower the risk of serious complications.

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Our Experience in Treating Spleen Cancer

At Medicover, we understand the challenges of spleen cancer and are committed to providing compassionate, individual care.

Our expert team uses advanced diagnostics and treatments to support your journey toward improved health and well-being.

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