Paronychia: Causes and Treatments

Paronychia is a common infection of the skin around the nails that can be painful and debilitating. This condition can be acute or chronic, with various underlying causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

It manifests as redness, swelling, and sometimes pus formation in the affected area. The infection can be categorized into two types: acute paronychia and chronic paronychia.

Acute Paronychia vs. Chronic Paronychia

Acute Paronychia

Acute paronychia typically develops rapidly and is usually caused by bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. It often occurs following trauma to the nail area, such as a hangnail, a nail-biting incident, or an improperly performed manicure. The symptoms include sudden pain, swelling, and the presence of pus.

Chronic Paronychia

Chronic paronychia, on the other hand, is a persistent condition that lasts for more than six weeks. It is frequently caused by repeated exposure to irritants or allergens, and it may involve a mixed infection of bacteria and fungi, like Candida species. Chronic paronychia presents with less intense pain but persistent swelling, redness, and sometimes thickening of the nail.

Get a second opinion from trusted experts and makeconfident, informed decisions.

Get Second Opinion

Causes of Paronychia

The causes of paronychia vary between the acute and chronic forms of the condition:

Acute Paronychia Causes

Bacterial Infections: The most common cause is bacterial infection, often due to Staphylococcus aureus. Other bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, can also be involved.
Trauma: Minor injuries to the nail fold, such as hangnails, nail-biting, or aggressive manicures, can provide an entry point for bacteria.
Ingrown Nails: Ingrown nails can create an environment conducive to bacterial infection.

Chronic Paronychia Causes

Fungal Infections: Chronic paronychia is often associated with fungal infections, particularly Candida species.
Irritants and Allergens: Repeated exposure to water, detergents, and chemicals can weaken the nail fold, making it susceptible to infection.
Underlying Conditions: Conditions such as diabetes and weakened immune systems can predispose individuals to chronic infections.

Risk Factors for Paronychia

Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing paronychia:

Occupation: Jobs that require frequent hand washing or exposure to chemicals (e.g., healthcare workers and dishwashers) can increase the risk.
Hygiene Habits: Poor nail care, such as nail biting or improper trimming, can lead to paronychia.
Medical Conditions: Conditions like diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, or immunosuppression can predispose individuals to infections.
Environmental Factors: Warm, moist environments can favour fungal growth, contributing to chronic paronychia.

Symptoms of Paronychia

The symptoms of paronychia can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection:

Acute Paronychia Symptoms

Pain: Sudden, intense pain around the nail.
Swelling: Rapid onset of swelling and redness.
Pus Formation: Accumulation of pus under the skin near the nail.
Warmth: The affected area may feel warm to the touch.

Chronic Paronychia Symptoms

Discomfort: Persistent but less intense pain.
Swelling and Redness: Continuous swelling and redness around the nail.
Nail Changes: Thickening and discolouration of the nail.
Cuticle Damage: The cuticle may separate from the nail plate.

Diagnosis of Paronychia

Diagnosing paronychia involves a clinical examination and, in some cases, additional tests:

Clinical Examination: A thorough examination of the affected area is usually sufficient to diagnose paronychia.
Culture Tests: In cases of chronic paronychia or when the infection does not respond to initial treatment, culture tests may be performed to identify the causative organism.
Blood Tests: Blood tests may be necessary if there are signs of systemic infection or if the patient has underlying conditions that could complicate the paronychia.

Your health is everything - prioritize your well-being today.

Schedule Your Appointment

Treatment of Paronychia

The treatment of paronychia depends on whether the condition is acute or chronic:

Acute Paronychia Treatment

Warm Soaks: Soaking the affected area in warm water several times a day can help reduce swelling and pain.
Antibiotics: Oral or topical antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat bacterial infections.
Drainage: If there is significant pus accumulation, drainage may be required. This is typically performed by a healthcare professional.
Pain Management: Over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage pain and discomfort.

Chronic Paronychia Treatment

Antifungal Medications: Topical or oral antifungal medications are used to treat fungal infections.
Avoiding Irritants: Patients are advised to avoid exposure to water, detergents, and chemicals. Protective gloves may be recommended.
Steroid Creams: In cases where inflammation is significant, topical steroid creams may be prescribed.
Regular Nail Care: Proper nail hygiene, including gentle trimming and moisturizing, is crucial in managing chronic paronychia.

Preventing Paronychia

Prevention strategies can significantly reduce the risk of developing paronychia:

Proper Nail Hygiene: Regularly trim nails and avoid biting or picking at them.
Protective Measures: Wear gloves when engaging in activities that involve water or chemicals.
Moisturize: Keep the hands and nails moisturized to prevent cracking and irritation.
Avoid Aggressive Manicures: Be gentle when performing nail care to avoid trauma to the nail folds.

Find Our Specialists

Book Doctor Appointment