Bartonellosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr M N Lakshmikanth Reddy , General Medicine

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Bartonellosis is a bacterial infection caused by various Bartonella species, affecting the skin, lymph nodes, heart, liver, and eyes. It can range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the strain and individual immunity. Early diagnosis and prepared treatment are crucial in preventing serious complications and promoting recovery.

What Are the Symptoms and Warning Signs of Bartonellosis?

The symptoms of Bartonellosis vary widely depending on the species of Bartonella involved and the individual's immune response.

Common Symptoms Include

• Intermittent fever and chills
• Persistent fatigue
• Headaches (mild to severe)
• Swollen lymph nodes (especially near the site of infection)

Severe Symptoms

• Endocarditis (infection of heart valves)
• Neuroretinitis (inflammation of the retina and optic nerve)
• Bacillary angiomatosis (vascular skin or internal lesions)
• Peliosis hepatis (blood-filled liver cysts)

If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a doctor immediately, especially if you are immunocompromised or have a history of heart conditions.

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What Are the Different Types of Bartonellosis?

Bartonellosis is classified based on the specific Bartonella bacteria involved:

• Cat Scratch Disease: Caused by Bartonella henselae, usually after a scratch or bite from an infected cat.
• Carrion's Disease: Caused by Bartonella bacilliformis and transmitted via sandfly bites. Prevalent in South America.
• Trench Fever: Caused by Bartonella quintana, spread by body lice, historically seen in wartime conditions.

Each type presents differently and requires a prepared diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

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What Are the Common Causes and Risk Factors of Bartonellosis?

Bartonellosis results from a bacterial infection and is influenced by exposure to the vector and immune status.

Causes:

• Bites, scratches, or licks from infected cats
• Sandfly bites (especially in endemic areas)
• Body lice (in poor hygiene or crowded conditions)

Risk Factors:

• Contact with stray or unvaccinated animals
• Outdoor activities in tick/flea-infested areas
• Immunocompromised states (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy)
• Living in or traveling to tropical or underdeveloped regions

Consult a physician if you've had recent exposure to known risk factors and experience symptoms.

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How Is Bartonellosis Diagnosed?

Diagnosing Bartonellosis requires a combination of clinical assessment and laboratory testing due to its variable symptoms.

Common Diagnostic Methods

• Blood cultures (though slow-growing)
• Serological tests to detect Bartonella antibodies
• PCR testing for bacterial DNA (fast and specific)
• Imaging studies (e.g., echocardiograms, MRI) if organs like the heart or eyes are involved

At Medicover, we use advanced PCR diagnostics and specialized imaging to confirm Bartonella infections with accuracy, ensuring prompt and targeted treatment.

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What Are the Treatment Options for Bartonellosis?

Bartonellosis is treated according to the severity of the infection and the species of Bartonella.

Here are some commonly employed treatment strategies:

Medications

• Doxycycline: Primary antibiotic for cat scratch disease
• Rifampin: Used in combination therapy for severe infections
• Azithromycin: An alternative for patients sensitive to doxycycline

Therapies and Interventions

• Supportive care (hydration, pain management)
• Hospitalization for severe systemic infection
• Surgical valve replacement in advanced endocarditis cases

Recovery varies: mild infections typically resolve within weeks, while more severe forms may require extended therapy and ongoing monitoring.

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When to See a Doctor?

Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Persistent fever over 3-4 days
• Swollen lymph nodes after a cat scratch or insect bite
• Vision changes, chest discomfort, or prolonged fatigue

High-risk groups, including the elderly, immunocompromised, or those with heart disease, should consult a physician promptly after possible exposure.

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What Is the Recovery Process After Bartonellosis Treatment?

Recovery depends on the severity of the infection and timely treatment.

• Follow-up visits are recommended every 2-4 weeks post-treatment
• Maintain a balanced diet and stay hydrated to support immune recovery
• Avoid high-risk exposure environments for a few months

At Medicover, our recovery programs include individual nutrition advice, regular checkups, and mental health support to ensure complete physical and emotional healing.

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What Precautions Can Help Prevent Bartonellosis?

Prevention of bartonellosis primarily involves reducing the risk of vector exposure and practicing good hygiene. Here are some effective preventive measures:

Prevention

• Use flea and tick preventives for pets
• Wash hands after handling animals
• Treat any animal bites or scratches promptly

Complications

If left untreated or inadequately treated, bartonellosis can lead to severe complications, including:

• Endocarditis leading to heart damage
• Vision loss due to neuro retinitis
• Liver dysfunction from peliosis hepatis

Avoiding exposure to known vectors and ensuring pet hygiene are the best defenses.

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Our Experience Treating Bartonellosis

At Medicover, we understand the complexity of Bartonellosis and provide expert, compassionate care. With advanced diagnostics, dedicated infectious disease specialists, and customized recovery plans, we aim to restore your health safely and effectively.

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