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What Is Visceral Larva Migrans?
Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Udaya Keerthi Kanna , Pediatricians
Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM) is a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, typically affecting children who accidentally ingest parasite eggs from contaminated soil, food, or pet fur.
Once inside the body, the eggs hatch in the intestines and the larvae migrate through the bloodstream to organs such as the liver, lungs, and brain. Common warning signs include fever, fatigue, coughing, abdominal pain, wheezing, and an enlarged liver or spleen, with severe cases potentially involving the eyes or nervous system.
Treatment usually involves anti-parasitic medications like albendazole, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and supportive care, while prevention focuses on good hygiene and regular deworming of pets.
What are the Symptoms and Warning Signs of Visceral Larva Migrans?
The symptoms of VLM vary depending on the extent and location of larval migration. Some individuals may remain asymptomatic, while others experience severe signs due to organ involvement.
Common Symptoms
- Fever
- Fatigue and lethargy
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
Organ-Specific Symptoms
- Liver: Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), abdominal pain, and jaundice
- Lungs: Cough, wheezing, and asthma-like symptoms
- Central Nervous System: Seizures, headaches, and behavioral changes
- Eyes: Low vision, eye pain, and redness
Recognising these symptoms early is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment.
What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Visceral Larva Migrans?
VLM is caused by the ingestion of Toxocara eggs, primarily found in soil or on surfaces contaminated with dog or cat feces.
Visceral Larva Migrans auses
- Accidental ingestion of embryonated Toxocara eggs
- Exposure to contaminated soil or pet fur
Risk Factors
- Playing in contaminated environments (e.g., sandboxes)
- Poor hand hygiene
- Lack of regular pet deworming
- Young age, especially children under 10
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Get Second OpinionWhat are the Different Types of Larva Migrans?
Several forms of larva migrans exist based on the areas affected by the migrating larvae:
- Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM): Affects internal organs such as the liver and lungs.
- Ocular Larva Migrans (OLM): Affects the eye, potentially causing visual disturbances or blindness.
- Neural Larva Migrans (NLM): This condition involves the central nervous system and can lead to neurological symptoms.
- Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM): Involves the skin and is marked by serpiginous, itchy tracks; this is not a true VLM but related.
How is Visceral Larva Migrans Diagnosed?
Diagnosing VLM can be difficult because larvae do not mature into adult worms in humans. Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, history, and laboratory tests.
Clinical Assessment
- History of pet exposure
- Presence of organ-specific symptoms
Laboratory Tests
- Serology: ELISA for Toxocara antibodies
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Eosinophilia is a common finding
Imaging
- Ultrasound: Useful for detecting liver lesions
- MRI/CT Scans: Help identify neurological involvement
Health Implications and Complications of Visceral Larva Migrans
If left untreated, VLM can result in serious complications due to the chronic presence of migrating larvae:
- Liver inflammation and fibrosis
- Chronic pulmonary issues such as asthma
- Vision loss from ocular involvement
- Neurological damage, including seizures or cognitive decline
These complications highlight the importance of early detection and complete treatment.
Treatment Options for Visceral Larva Migrans
Managing VLM involves eradicating the larvae and alleviating symptoms.
Antiparasitic Medications
- Albendazole: Common first-line treatment
- Mebendazole: An effective alternative to albendazole
Symptomatic and Supportive Care
- Corticosteroids: Used to reduce inflammation
- Pain Management: Analgesics help relieve organ-related pain
Monitoring and Follow-up
- Regular assessments to track treatment response
- Imaging or serological follow-ups as needed
When Should You See a Doctor for Visceral Larva Migrans?
Seek medical advice if you or your child experiences persistent fever, unexplained fatigue, abdominal discomfort, respiratory issues, or visual changes, particularly with a history of exposure to pets or soil. Early diagnosis can prevent serious complications and aid in effective treatment.
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What is the Recovery Process After Treatment for Visceral Larva Migrans?
Recovery depends on the severity and duration of the infection. Most patients respond well to antiparasitic treatment and symptom management. Long-term follow-up may be required for those with significant organ involvement.
- Gradual improvement in systemic and organ-specific symptoms
- Regular check-ups to ensure full recovery
- Continued preventive measures to avoid reinfection
What Precautions Can Help Prevent Visceral Larva Migrans?
Effective prevention strategies include:
- Regular deworming of pets
- Practising proper hand hygiene
- Preventing children from playing in contaminated areas
- Covering sandboxes and cleaning pet-living environments
- Promoting public awareness on parasite transmission and control
Our Experience in Treating Visceral Larva Migrans
At Medicover Hospitals, we offer expert diagnosis and treatment for parasitic infections like VLM. Our multidisciplinary team of infectious disease specialists, pediatricians, and radiologists ensures accurate evaluation and individualised treatment plans. With the latest diagnostic tools and compassionate care, we are committed to helping patients recover fully and prevent recurrence.
