Parathyroid Carcinoma - Symptoms, Reasons And Treatment

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the parathyroid glands. These glands are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body. When cancer develops in the parathyroid glands, it can disrupt the normal function of these glands.

The exact cause of parathyroid carcinoma is not well understood, but certain genetic factors may play a role in its development. It is important for individuals with a family history of parathyroid carcinoma to speak with their healthcare provider about their risk factors and potential screening options.

What Are the Symptoms of Parathyroid Carcinoma

Parathyroid carcinoma can cause symptoms such as persistent fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and frequent urination. Patients may also experience abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and memory problems. If you notice these symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management. Early detection and treatment are crucial for better outcomes.

Persistent bone pain, especially in the arms, legs, or back, can be a symptom of parathyroid carcinoma, causing discomfort and limiting mobility.
Frequent fractures or bone breaks with minimal trauma may indicate parathyroid carcinoma, leading to weakened bones that are prone to fractures.
Kidney stones that occur frequently and are painful can be a sign of parathyroid carcinoma, as increased levels of calcium in the blood can lead to the formation of stones in the kidneys.
Fatigue and weakness that does not improve with rest could be a symptom of parathyroid carcinoma, as the condition can affect the body's ability to absorb essential nutrients and minerals.

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Causes of Parathyroid Carcinoma

The exact cause of parathyroid carcinoma is unknown, but certain genetic mutations and genetic syndromes like multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) are believed to play a role in its development. Other factors such as radiation exposure and familial history may also contribute to the risk of developing parathyroid carcinoma.

Genetic mutations, such as in the CDC73 gene, can predispose individuals to develop parathyroid carcinoma.
Radiation exposure, particularly to the head and neck region, is a known risk factor for the development of parathyroid carcinoma.
Previous history of benign parathyroid tumors, such as adenomas, may increase the likelihood of developing parathyroid carcinoma.
Chronic renal failure and long-term dialysis treatment can contribute to the development of parathyroid carcinoma.
Certain hereditary conditions, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or type 2A (MEN2A), are associated with an increased risk of parathyroid carcinoma.

Types of Parathyroid Carcinoma

There are two main types of parathyroid carcinoma: functional and non-functional. Functional parathyroid carcinomas produce excess parathyroid hormone, leading to hypercalcemia. Non-functional parathyroid carcinomas do not produce hormones but can still cause symptoms due to the tumor's growth and pressure on surrounding structures. Both types require prompt medical attention and treatment to manage their effects on the body.

Oxyphil Cell Parathyroid Carcinoma: This rare type of parathyroid carcinoma primarily affects the oxyphil cells within the parathyroid gland, leading to excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and resulting in hypercalcemia.
Clear Cell Parathyroid Carcinoma: Clear cell parathyroid carcinoma is characterized by the presence of clear cytoplasm in the cancerous cells, which can make it challenging to differentiate from other types of clear cell tumors in the parathyroid gland.
Chief Cell Parathyroid Carcinoma: Chief cells are the predominant cell type in the parathyroid gland, and when these cells become cancerous, they can give rise to chief cell parathyroid.

Risk Factors

Parathyroid carcinoma risk factors include a history of radiation exposure to the head and neck region, certain genetic syndromes like Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1, and a family history of parathyroid cancer. Age over 50 and being female are also associated with an increased risk. Additionally, certain inherited genetic mutations can predispose individuals to developing this rare form of cancer.

Genetic syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) increase the risk of developing parathyroid carcinoma.
Radiation exposure to the head and neck region is a known risk factor for the development of parathyroid carcinoma.
Chronic kidney disease and long-term dialysis treatment can elevate the risk of parathyroid carcinoma.
Previous history of benign parathyroid tumors, also known as adenomas, may increase the likelihood of developing parathyroid carcinoma.
Age above 50 years old is considered a risk factor for parathyroid carcinoma, with incidence rates rising with advancing age.

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Diagnosis of Parathyroid Carcinoma

Symptoms like bone pain, kidney stones, or fatigue can prompt further testing. Early detection is key for better treatment outcomes. Consult your doctor if you experience persistent symptoms for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI can help identify abnormalities in the parathyroid gland that may indicate parathyroid carcinoma.
Blood tests to measure levels of calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and other markers can provide valuable information in diagnosing parathyroid carcinoma.
A sestamibi scan, also known as a parathyroid scan, can help locate overactive or malignant parathyroid tissue in the neck region.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy may be performed to extract cells from the suspicious parathyroid gland for examination under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancerous cells.
Genetic testing may be recommended in cases where there is a family history of

Treatment for Parathyroid Carcinoma

Treatment options for parathyroid carcinoma may include surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue, as well as potential radiation therapy or chemotherapy to target any remaining cancer cells. Your healthcare team will determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on the stage and extent of the disease. It's important to discuss all available options and potential side effects with your medical team.

Surgery is the primary treatment for parathyroid carcinoma, aiming to remove the affected parathyroid gland(s) along with any adjacent tissues that may contain cancer cells to achieve complete tumor removal.
Radiation therapy may be recommended post-surgery to target any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence, especially in cases where complete tumor removal was not achievable during surgery.
Chemotherapy is not typically effective for treating parathyroid carcinoma; however, it may be considered in advanced cases or for palliative care to manage symptoms and slow disease progression.
Targeted therapy, such as medications that specifically target cancer cells with certain genetic mutations, is an emerging treatment option for parathyroid carcinoma.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Are there specific signs that indicate parathyroid carcinoma?

Signs of parathyroid carcinoma include a painless neck mass, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, and high levels of calcium in the blood.

What precautions should be taken for parathyroid carcinoma?

Regular follow-ups, imaging studies, and blood tests are important. Surgery is the main treatment; radiation or chemotherapy may be needed in advanced cases.

What are the potential complications of parathyroid carcinoma?

Parathyroid carcinoma can lead to hypercalcemia, weakening bones, kidney stones, and other organ damage due to excess production of parathyroid hormone.