Interstitial Keratitis: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment

Interstitial keratitis is a rare eye condition that affects the clear, dome-shaped layer at the front of the eye called the cornea. It is characterized by inflammation within the corneal layers, leading to cloudiness and reduced vision. The main cause of interstitial keratitis is often related to infections, such as syphilis, herpes, or autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. These underlying conditions trigger the inflammatory response in the cornea, resulting in the development of interstitial keratitis.

Understanding the root cause of this condition is crucial for proper diagnosis and management. If you suspect any changes in your vision or experience eye discomfort, it's essential to seek medical attention promptly to receive the appropriate care and treatment.

What Are the Symptoms of Interstitial Keratitis

Interstitial keratitis can present with symptoms such as eye redness, pain, light sensitivity, blurred vision, and excessive tearing. Patients may also experience a sensation of a foreign body in the eye, along with decreased visual acuity. In some cases, there may be a visible white or grayish discoloration on the cornea. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to prevent complications and preserve your vision.

Eye redness and irritation are common symptoms of interstitial keratitis, causing discomfort and sensitivity to light.
Blurry vision or vision changes may occur with interstitial keratitis, affecting the ability to see clearly.
Eye pain, especially when exposed to bright light, can be a symptom of interstitial keratitis.
Excessive tearing or watery eyes are possible symptoms of interstitial keratitis, leading to constant tearing and discomfort.
Photophobia, or sensitivity to light, is a typical symptom of interstitial keratitis, making it challenging to be in brightly lit environments.

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Causes of Interstitial Keratitis

The primary causes of interstitial keratitis include infections such as syphilis, herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus can also trigger this condition by causing an immune response that targets the cornea. Additionally, certain medications, trauma to the eye, and genetic factors may contribute to the development of interstitial keratitis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and preserve vision in individuals affected by this condition.

Interstitial keratitis can be caused by infections such as syphilis, tuberculosis, herpes simplex, or varicella-zoster virus.
Autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis can lead to interstitial keratitis.
Certain medications, particularly those that suppress the immune system, can trigger interstitial keratitis as a side effect.
Allergies to eye drops or other ocular irritants may result in interstitial keratitis.
Inflammatory conditions affecting the eye, such as uveitis or scleritis, can contribute to the development of interstitial keratitis.

Types Of Interstitial Keratitis

Interstitial keratitis encompasses several types, each characterized by different underlying causes and manifestations. Syphilitic interstitial keratitis is linked to a history of untreated syphilis infection, leading to inflammation and scarring of the cornea. Tuberculous interstitial keratitis is associated with tuberculosis infection and can result in corneal clouding. Rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial keratitis occurs in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, causing inflammation and thinning of the cornea. Other types include interstitial keratitis associated with autoimmune diseases like lupus or Wegener's granulomatosis. Each type requires specific diagnosis and treatment to manage the condition effectively.

Infectious interstitial keratitis is caused by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Non-infectious interstitial keratitis can result from autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.
Hereditary interstitial keratitis may be associated with genetic disorders like congenital syphilis or keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome.
Traumatic interstitial keratitis develops following eye injuries or chemical exposure.
Immunologic interstitial keratitis is triggered by the immune system attacking the corneal tissue.
Metabolic interstitial keratitis can occur due to underlying metabolic disorders affecting the cornea.

Risk Factors

Interstitial keratitis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the cornea's middle layer, can be influenced by various risk factors. Common factors include viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases such as syphilis or tuberculosis, exposure to irritants like chemicals or contact lenses, and certain genetic predispositions. Additionally, conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or Sjogren's syndrome can increase the likelihood of developing interstitial keratitis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing this condition to prevent potential vision impairment or complications. Regular eye exams and prompt medical attention are essential for individuals with these risk factors.

Infections such as syphilis or herpes can increase the risk of developing Interstitial Keratitis.
Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis can be a risk factor for Interstitial Keratitis.
Exposure to certain environmental toxins or chemicals may contribute to the development of Interstitial Keratitis.
Having a history of eye trauma or injury can elevate the risk of Interstitial Keratitis.
Genetic factors play a role in predisposing individuals to Interstitial Keratitis development.

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Diagnosis of Interstitial Keratitis

Interstitial keratitis is diagnosed through a combination of patient history, symptoms evaluation, and clinical tests. The physician will assess the patient's medical history, including any previous infections or autoimmune conditions. A thorough eye examination will be performed to look for signs of inflammation and visual disturbances. Additionally, laboratory tests such as blood tests and cultures may be conducted to identify the underlying cause of the inflammation. In some cases, imaging studies like corneal photography or optical coherence tomography (OCT) may be utilized to visualize the affected cornea in more detail. Collaborating these methods helps in accurately diagnosing and treating interstitial keratitis promptly.

Diagnosis of Interstitial Keratitis involves a thorough eye examination by an ophthalmologist.
Corneal scraping may be performed to detect any infectious agents causing Interstitial Keratitis.
Blood tests can help identify underlying conditions such as syphilis or autoimmune diseases associated with Interstitial Keratitis.
A detailed patient history is crucial in diagnosing Interstitial Keratitis, including any previous eye injuries or infections.
Imaging tests like corneal photography or optical coherence tomography (OCT) can aid in assessing the extent of corneal damage.

Treatment for Interstitial Keratitis

Interstitial keratitis, a serious eye condition, requires prompt treatment to prevent vision damage. Treatment options typically involve addressing the underlying cause, which can include infections like syphilis or autoimmune conditions. Antibiotic therapy may be necessary for infectious etiologies, while corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation in autoimmune cases. In some instances, surgical intervention may be needed to manage complications or restore vision. Regular monitoring by an ophthalmologist is crucial to track progress and adjust treatment as needed for optimal outcomes.

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