Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis is a rare kidney disease that affects the tiny filtering units of the kidneys called glomeruli. This condition occurs when abnormal protein fibers build up in the kidneys, leading to inflammation and potential damage. While the exact cause of fibrillary glomerulonephritis is not fully understood, it is believed to be related to an overactive immune response.

Managing this condition involves close monitoring and working closely with healthcare providers to maintain kidney function. If you suspect you may have fibrillary glomerulonephritis, seek medical attention for proper evaluation and care.

What are the Types of Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis?

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis can be classified into two types: primary and secondary. Primary fibrillary glomerulonephritis occurs without any underlying cause, while secondary fibrillary glomerulonephritis is associated with other conditions such as autoimmune diseases or infections. Both types can lead to kidney damage and affect kidney function, requiring appropriate management by healthcare professionals.

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Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy: A rare form of fibrillary glomerulonephritis characterized by the presence of microtubular structures made up of immunoglobulins in the glomeruli, leading to kidney damage and proteinuria.
Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis with Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposits: This subtype of fibrillary glomerulonephritis is associated with the deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the glomeruli, often linked to underlying hematologic disorders such as multiple myeloma.
Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis with Polyclonal Immunoglobulin Deposits: In this type of fibrillary glomerulonephritis, there is a deposition of polyclonal immunoglobulins in the glomeruli, typically associated with systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus or chronic infections.

What are the Symptoms of Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis?

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis can present with a range of symptoms, including:

Swelling in the legs, hands, face, or abdomen can occur in fibrillary glomerulonephritis, leading to a feeling of puffiness and tightness in these areas.
Fatigue and weakness may be experienced due to the kidneys not functioning properly, causing a buildup of waste products in the body that can make you feel tired.
Blood in the urine, which may appear pink, red, or brown, can be a sign of fibrillary glomerulonephritis and should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
High blood pressure can develop as a result of kidney damage, leading to fibrillary glomerulonephritis symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
Decreased urine output or changes in urination patterns, such as needing to urinate more frequently or having to wake up at night to urinate, can also be signs of fibrillary glomerulonephritis.

What are the Causes of Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis?

The exact cause of fibrillary glomerulonephritis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormal protein deposits in the kidneys. These deposits trigger an inflammatory response, leading to damage in the kidney's filtering units. Factors such as immune system dysfunction and chronic infections may play a role in the development of this rare kidney disease.

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis can be caused by the deposition of abnormal proteins within the glomeruli of the kidneys.
Chronic infections, such as hepatitis C or HIV, may trigger the development of fibrillary glomerulonephritis.
Autoimmune diseases, like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, can lead to the formation of fibrillary deposits in the kidneys.
Certain malignancies, including lymphoma and multiple myeloma, have been associated with fibrillary glomerulonephritis.
Genetic predisposition or family history of kidney diseases can increase the risk of developing fibrillary glomerulonephritis.

What are the Risk Factors for Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis?

Several factors may increase the risk of developing fibrillary glomerulonephritis:

Age over 50 years old is a risk factor for developing fibrillary glomerulonephritis.
Having a history of autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, increases the risk of fibrillary glomerulonephritis.
Chronic infections, particularly hepatitis C or HIV, can predispose individuals to fibrillary glomerulonephritis.
Certain medications, like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or antibiotics, may contribute to the development of fibrillary glomerulonephritis.
Having a family history of kidney disease raises the risk of fibrillary glomerulonephritis.

How is Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis Diagnosed?

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis is typically diagnosed through a combination of the following methods:

Kidney biopsy is the gold standard diagnostic method for confirming fibrillary glomerulonephritis, allowing for the examination of kidney tissue under a microscope.
Blood and urine tests can help assess kidney function and detect abnormalities such as proteinuria and hematuria, which are common in patients with fibrillary glomerulonephritis.
Imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans may be used to evaluate the size and structure of the kidneys and identify any potential abnormalities.
Immunofluorescence testing can be performed on kidney tissue samples to detect the presence of specific antibodies or proteins associated with fibrillary glomerulonephritis.
Genetic testing may be considered in some cases to identify any underlying genetic mutations that may contribute to the development of fibrillary glomerulonephritis, especially if there is a suspicion of a hereditary form of the condition.

What are the Treatment Options for Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis?

Treatment for fibrillary glomerulonephritis focuses on managing symptoms and preventing kidney damage:

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Immunosuppressive therapy is often the first-line treatment for fibrillary glomerulonephritis, aiming to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system's attack on the kidneys.
Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are commonly used in combination with other immunosuppressive medications to help control the autoimmune response and protect kidney function in patients with fibrillary glomerulonephritis.
Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody that targets specific immune cells, has shown promising results in some cases of fibrillary glomerulonephritis by suppressing abnormal immune responses and reducing kidney damage.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are used to control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria, which are common features of fibrillary glomerulonephritis.

Can Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis be Prevented?

Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis (FGN) cannot be fully prevented as its cause is unclear. However, managing underlying conditions (e.g., autoimmune diseases, infections), maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regular check-ups, and avoiding kidney-harming substances may reduce the risk or slow progression. Consult a nephrologist for early detection and management.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Follow a low-salt diet, control blood pressure and cholesterol, exercise, and take prescribed medications. Don’t: Smoke, drink excessively, skip medications, or consume high-sodium foods. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle are essential.

Yes, it can cause kidney damage, leading to proteinuria, high blood pressure, and reduced kidney function. Over time, it may progress to chronic kidney disease or failure. Earlyfibrillary glomerulonephritis treatment helps prevent severe complications.

Management includes medications to reduce proteinuria and control blood pressure, along with kidney function monitoring. A low-salt diet, cholesterol management, and avoiding smoking are important. Regular nephrologist visits ensure timely intervention.

Recurrence signs include increased proteinuria, hematuria, swelling, fatigue, and declining kidney function. Regular check-ups, urine tests, and bloodwork help detect early changes. Adhering to medical advice reduces recurrence risk.

Life expectancy with Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis (FGN) varies, but about 50% of patients develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) within 2–6 years, requiring dialysis or a transplant. Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis prognosis depends on factors like age, overall health, and treatment response. Managing underlying conditions may help slow progression.