Cervical Cancer Causes

Cervical cancer was once one of the most common causes of cancer death for American women. The good news is that the death rate dropped significantly with the increased use of the Pap test (Pap smear), which can detect changes in the cervix before cancer develops. However, it's still critical to understand the risk factors and engage in preventive measures to protect against this disease. In this article, we'll explore the causes and risk factors of cervical cancer, the importance of screening, and ways to prevent it. By the end, you'll have a comprehensive understanding of how to mitigate the risks associated with cervical cancer.

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer. When exposed to HPV, the body's immune system typically prevents the virus from harming. However, in a small group of people, the virus survives for years, contributing to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells.

Cervical Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

While HPV is the most significant risk factor for cervical cancer, it's not the only one. Other factors can influence your risk:

Sexual Behavior and Cervical Cancer

Having multiple sexual partners or becoming sexually active early in life increases the risk of cervical cancer. This is because it raises the likelihood of contracting HPV. Also, women whose partners have had multiple partners are at a higher risk of getting HPV.

Smoking

Smoking is associated with squamous cell cervical cancer. Tobacco by-products have been found in the cervical mucus of women who smoke. Researchers believe that these substances damage the DNA of cervix cells and may contribute to the development of cervical cancer.

Immune System Deficiency

The immune system is essential in destroying cancer cells and slowing their growth and spread. Women with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV, are at a higher risk of developing cervical cancer because they are less able to fight off HPV.

Multiple Pregnancies

Having many pregnancies is a risk factor for cervical cancer. Studies suggest that hormonal changes during pregnancy could make the cervix more susceptible to the effects of HPV or facilitate the development of abnormal cells into cancerous cells.

Other Factors

Long-term use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills) has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. However, the risk is thought to decline over time after the contraceptives are discontinued. Women who have had a full-term pregnancy before the age of 17 are also slightly more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to women who don't give birth until they are older.

Cervical Cancer Causes and HPV Vaccination

The human papillomavirus vaccine effectively prevents infection with the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. There are multiple types of HPV vaccines, but all protect against HPV-16 and HPV-18, the two high-risk HPVs responsible for the majority of cervical cancers. Vaccination is recommended for preteen girls and boys at age 11 or 12, although it can be given as early as age nine and up until age 26.

Cervical Cancer Screening

Regular screenings for cervical cancer and precancerous changes of the cervix are crucial. The Pap test and the HPV test can detect cervical health issues early when they are most treatable. The Pap test is recommended for women between ages 21 and 65.

Pap Test and HPV Test

The Pap test involves scraping and brushing cells from the cervix, which are then examined under a microscope to find abnormalities. An HPV test looks for the virus that can cause these cell changes on the cervix.

When to Get Screened

Starting at 21, women should have a Pap test every three years. At 30, women should begin co-testing, which includes a Pap test along with an HPV test every five years until the age of 65.

Prevention of Cervical Cancer

While cervical cancer can be a frightening prospect, there are measures that you can take to reduce your risk:

HPV Vaccination

Getting vaccinated against HPV is one of the most effective ways to prevent cervical cancer.

Regular Screening Tests

Regular Pap tests and HPV tests can help detect abnormal cells early before they turn into cancer.

Practice Safe Sex

Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of contracting HPV.

Quit Smoking

Stopping smoking can lower the risk of cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer.

Follow Up on Abnormal Test Results

If you have an abnormal cervical cancer screening result, follow up with your doctor promptly.

Conclusion

Cervical cancer can be a preventable disease if the appropriate steps are taken. Understanding the risk factors, such as HPV, and engaging in preventative measures, like regular screening and vaccination, are vital. By being proactive about your health, you can reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer and increase the likelihood of successful treatment should it occur.

Frequently Asked Questions