Types of Kidney Transplantation
There are two types of kidney transplantation:
Living Donor Transplantation
- The kidney is donated by a living person, usually a family member or a close friend of the recipient.
- The donor must undergo a series of medical tests to ensure that they are healthy enough to donate a kidney and that their kidney matches the recipient.
- The surgery is usually scheduled in advance, allowing both the donor and recipient to prepare for the procedure.
- Living donor transplantation has a higher success rate than deceased donor transplantation, allowing the recipient to receive a kidney more quickly.
Deceased Donor Transplantation
- The kidney is donated by a deceased person who has previously consented to organ donation or whose family has agreed.
- The donor must be healthy enough for their organs to be used for transplantation.
- The surgery is typically performed as soon as possible after the kidney becomes available, which may result in a shorter waiting time for the recipient.
- Deceased donor transplantation may have a lower success rate than living donor transplantation due to the increased risk of complications associated with using an organ from a deceased donor.
Symptoms of Kidney Defects
Here are some common symptoms of kidney defects:
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, face, or hands
- Blood in the urine
- Difficulty passing urine
- Pain or burning during urination
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Foamy or bubbly urine
- Fatigue and weakness
- Shortness of breath
- High blood pressure
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Metallic taste in the mouth
- Difficulty concentrating or confusion
- Itchy skin
- Puffy eyes, especially in the morning
It's important to understand that many of these symptoms can also be similar to other conditions, so it's important to see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Functions and Importance of Kidneys
The kidneys are found in the lower back of the human body on either side of the spine. Their importance lies in their vital functions, crucial to maintaining a healthy body. The kidneys' primary function is to filter waste materials and excess fluid from the blood and eliminate them from the body in the form of urine. The kidneys also help regulate the body's electrolyte balance, pH, and blood pressure.
The kidneys are responsible for maintaining a stable environment in the body, allowing other organs and systems to function effectively. They are essential in producing RBCs, which transport oxygen throughout the body, and vitamin D activation is necessary for healthy bones. Additionally, the kidneys help to eliminate drugs and toxins from the body, making them an essential part of the body's detoxification process.
When the kidneys do not function properly, waste products and excess fluids accumulate, causing various health issues such as renal disease, high blood pressure, anaemia, and bone disorders. Therefore, it's important to take care of the kidneys by staying hydrated, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption. Regular checkups with a healthcare professional can also help detect kidney problems early on and prevent them from developing into more severe conditions.
Reasons for Kidney Failure
Kidney failure, also known as renal failure, develops when the kidneys' capacity to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood is disrupted. This can result in an accumulation of toxins in the body, which can be fatal. Some of the most prevalent causes of renal failure are as follows:
Diabetes:
Is the most common cause of renal failure. Excessive blood sugar levels can damage and impair kidney function over time.Uncontrolled high blood pressure:
Can cause kidney failure by damaging the small blood arteries in the kidneys.Glomerulonephritis:
Is a group of conditions that cause inflammation in the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli). This can lead to scarring and renal failure over time.Polycystic kidney disease:
Is a hereditary condition in which cysts grow in the kidneys. These cysts can impair kidney function and cause renal failure.Kidney stones:
Can restrict the urinary system and damage the kidneys, eventually leading to renal failure.Infections:
Like pyelonephritis (kidney infection) can cause inflammation and kidney damage, leading to kidney failure.Obstruction of the urinary tract:
Leads to blockages in the urinary system can prevent urine from leaving the kidneys, resulting in kidney failure.Medications:
Like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and certain antibiotics have been linked to kidney damage and failure.Autoimmune diseases:
Such as lupus can cause inflammation and kidney damage, leading to kidney failure.Acute kidney injury:
Can occur due to a sudden, severe injury or illness, such as dehydration, infection, or trauma. Acute renal injury can result in permanent kidney damage and failure if not treated immediately.Ageing:
Our kidneys may lose function gradually as we age, leading to chronic kidney disease and eventual kidney failure.
Treatments Available
There are several treatments available for kidney transplantation, including:
Immunosuppressive medications:
These medications prevent the body from rejecting the transplanted kidney by suppressing the immune system.Antibiotics:
Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat infections that can occur after a kidney transplant.Antiviral medications:
These medications are used to prevent and treat viral infections that can occur after a kidney transplant.Blood pressure medications:
Many people with kidney disease also have high blood pressure, so drugs may be used to control blood pressure after a kidney transplant.Diet and lifestyle changes:
Like following a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and abstaining from smoking and excessive alcohol use can help keep the transplanted kidney healthy.Regular checkups and monitoring:
After a kidney transplant, regular checkups are necessary to ensure the transplanted kidney functions correctly and detect any complications early on.Diuretics:
Diuretics help the body eliminate excess fluid, which can accumulate after a kidney transplant. This can help prevent complications like oedema and hypertension.Follow-up care:
Kidney transplant recipients need regular follow-up care to monitor the function of the transplanted kidney, check for infections, and adjust medication dosages.Pain medication:
Pain medication may be prescribed to manage pain after the surgery.
Diagnostic Tests
Several diagnostic tests are conducted before a kidney transplantation procedure. These tests help to determine if the recipient is a suitable candidate for the transplant and to assess the overall health of the donor and recipient.
Some common diagnostic tests include
Blood tests:
These tests assess the blood type and compatibility between the donor and recipient. Blood tests are also done to check for any infections or diseases in the donor and recipient.Urine tests:
Urine tests check for kidney diseases or infections in the recipient.Imaging tests:
Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds are done to assess the overall health of the donor and recipient's kidneys. These tests also help to identify any abnormalities in the kidney structure or blood vessels.Cardiac evaluation:
A cardiac evaluation may assess the recipient's heart's health and determine if they can undergo surgery.Biopsy:
A kidney biopsy may be done to assess the health of the donor or recipient's kidneys. A small sample of kidney tissue is collected for examination.Crossmatch:
A crossmatch test is performed to check for compatibility between the donor's and recipient's blood. This test helps to prevent the rejection of the transplanted kidney.Pulmonary function tests:
These tests are performed to assess the recipient's lungs and determine if they can undergo surgery.Psychological evaluation:
A psychological assessment may assess the recipient's mental and emotional health and determine if they are mentally prepared for the transplant.Cardiac evaluation:
A cardiac evaluation is conducted to assess the health of the recipient's heart and ensure that they can undergo surgery safely.Infectious disease testing:
This includes testing for HIV, hepatitis, and other contagious diseases to ensure that the recipient does not contract any infections from the donor.
These tests are critical in ensuring the transplant procedure is safe and successful. Furthermore, the findings of these tests are utilised to establish the optimal course of therapy for the recipient and to assure that the donor and recipient are a good match.
