Types of Liver Transplantation
There are different types of liver transplantation depending on the source of the donor's liver and the relation between the donor and the recipients. Here are the types of liver transplantation:
Deceased donor liver transplantation:
This is the most common type of liver transplantation, where a liver is taken from a deceased donor who has chosen to donate their organs after death. The liver is carefully matched with the recipient based on blood type, body size, and other factors.Living donor liver transplantation:
In this type of liver transplantation, a part of the liver from a living donor is transplanted into the recipient. The donor must be a close relative or friend who matches the recipient well.Split liver transplantation:
A single donated liver can be split into two parts and transplanted into two different recipients. This is usually done when a small child needs a liver transplant, and no suitable small livers are available from deceased donors.Reduced-size liver transplantation:
In some cases, a more significant liver from a deceased donor can be divided into two or more parts and transplanted into different recipients. This is done when a smaller liver is needed for a child or small adult.Domino liver transplantation:
This is a rare type of liver transplantation in which a patient with a metabolic disease, such as familial amyloidosis or Wilson's disease, receives a liver transplant from a deceased donor. The patient's original liver is then transplanted into another recipient who needs a liver transplant.Auxiliary liver transplantation:
In this type of liver transplantation, a healthy liver from a living or deceased donor is attached to the recipient's liver. This is usually done when the recipient's liver is functioning poorly but not completely failed. The auxiliary liver provides additional support until the recipient's liver can recover.
Each type of liver transplantation has its benefits and risks. The type of transplantation used depends on the individual circumstances of the recipient and the availability of donor organs.
Symptoms of Liver Defects
Liver defects or liver disease can manifest in various ways, and symptoms may vary depending on the severity and type of liver disease. However, some common symptoms of liver defects include:
Jaundice:
Yellowing skin and eyes is a classic sign of liver disease. This occurs when the liver cannot process bilirubin, a waste product normally excreted in the bile.Abdominal Pain:
Pain or discomfort in the upper right abdomen may indicate liver disease. This may be due to inflammation, scarring, or liver enlargement.Fatigue:
Feeling tired or weak all the time is a common symptom of liver disease. This may be due to the liver's reduced ability to store and release energy.Loss of Appetite:
It is a common sign of liver disease. This might be related to the liver's reduced ability to produce bile, which helps in fat digestion.Nausea and vomiting:
Nausea and vomiting are also symptoms of liver disease, mainly if the liver cannot process toxins effectively.Swelling:
Swelling of the legs, ankles, or feet may occur due to liver disease. This is due to the liver's reduced ability to produce albumin. This protein helps regulate fluid balance in the body.Mental Confusion:
Mental confusion or forgetfulness may occur in cases of advanced liver disease due to the buildup of toxins in the brain.
It's important to note that some liver diseases, such as fatty liver disease, may not present with any symptoms in the early stages. Regular liver function tests can help detect liver disease early before symptoms develop.
Functions and Importance of Liver
Our liver is the largest internal organ of the body, located in the upper right-hand side of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm. It performs several essential functions for maintaining overall health and well-being. One of the liver's primary functions is to filter and detoxify the blood. It removes harmful toxins, drugs, and other impurities from the blood, preventing them from reaching other organs and tissues.
The liver also produces bile, a chemical that facilitates digestion. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and discharged into the small intestine to break lipids and absorb fat-soluble vitamins. Additionally, the liver metabolises carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. As a result, it helps regulate blood sugar levels by storing excess glucose as glycogen and releasing it when the body needs energy. The liver also produces specific proteins necessary for blood clotting, immune function, and transportation of nutrients and hormones.
The liver plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and well-being. It performs numerous critical functions essential for the proper functioning of the body. When the liver is not working correctly, it can lead to various health problems, including liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Therefore, taking care of the liver is essential by avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy diet, and avoiding exposure to harmful toxins and chemicals. Regular medical checkups can also aid in the early detection of liver disorders and their progression to more severe diseases.
Reasons For Liver Defects
Here are some common reasons for liver defects:
Alcohol abuse:
Excessive alcohol consumption over a prolonged period can cause liver damage and lead to liver disease.Viral infections:
Hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis B and C, can cause liver inflammation and damage.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD):
This is a condition in which excess fat develops in the liver, causing inflammation and scarring.Autoimmune disorders:
Some autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, can cause damage to the liver.Genetics:
Some genetic disorders, such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease, can cause liver damage.Medications:
Some medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), can cause liver damage if taken excessively.Toxins:
Exposure to certain toxins, such as those found in contaminated food and water, can cause liver damage.Obesity:
Obesity and being overweight can raise the chance of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Poor diet:
A diet high in sugar and saturated fats can contribute to developing liver disease.Cancer:
Liver and other types of cancer that spread to the liver can cause liver damage and disease.Other medical conditions:
Diabetes and excessive cholesterol, for example, can raise the risk of liver disease.
Treatments Available
Several treatments are available for liver transplant patients to improve the procedure's success and manage potential complications.
Immunosuppressive therapy:
After liver transplantation, patients are given drugs to suppress their immune system, which helps prevent the rejection of the new liver. These medications are typically continued for the rest of the patient's life.Antibiotics and antiviral medication:
Patients may be prescribed antibiotics and antiviral medicines to prevent and treat infections that can occur after the transplant.Nutritional support:
Patients may need nutritional support, such as intravenous fluids, to help them recover from surgery and maintain their health.Lifestyle changes:
Patients may be advised to make such as quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, lifestyle changes, and following a healthy diet and exercise regimen to support their liver health and prevent complications.Psychological support:
Liver transplantation can be a stressful experience. Patients may benefit from counselling or other psychological support to help them cope with the procedure and its aftermath.Management of complications:
Patients may experience complications after liver transplantation, such as blood clots, infections, and organ rejection. Treatment for these complications will depend on the situation and may include medication, additional surgeries, or other interventions.
Diagnostic Tests
Before the surgery, various diagnostic tests must be conducted to ensure that the patient is a suitable candidate for the procedure and to assess the condition of the liver. The tests are as follows:
Liver function tests (LFTs):
These tests measure the levels of various enzymes and proteins produced by the liver. Abnormal levels of these substances can indicate liver damage or dysfunction.Imaging tests:
Imaging tests such as CT scans, and ultrasound, MRI are used to assess the size, shape, and condition of the liver. These tests can also help detect any tumours or other abnormalities in the liver.Viral testing:
Blood tests screen for viral infections that might cause liver damage and complicate the transplantation procedure, such as hepatitis B and C.Cardiac evaluation:
Patients undergoing liver transplantation must undergo a thorough cardiac evaluation to assess their cardiovascular health and identify any conditions that may pose a risk during surgery.Pulmonary function tests:
These tests evaluate lung function and help identify any pre-existing respiratory conditions that may affect the patient's ability to recover after surgery.Blood typing and cross-matching:
Before the transplant, blood typing and cross-matching are done to ensure that the donor's liver is compatible with the recipient's blood type.Psychological evaluation:
Patients must undergo a psychological evaluation to assess their mental health and ability to cope with the stress of the transplantation process.Other tests:
Additional tests may be conducted to evaluate the patient's overall health and identify any conditions that may complicate the transplantation process.
