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What Is a Nevus? Types, Causes & Treatment
Written by Medicover Team and Medically Reviewed by Dr Gargi Apte Jankar , Ophthalmologist
Nevus, also known as a mole, is a skin condition marked by pigmented growths caused by an overgrowth of melanocytes, the cells that give colour to the skin.
Nevi may be present at birth or develop later in life. While most are harmless, early evaluation is important to detect any changes that might indicate skin cancer risk.
Common Characteristics of Nevus
- Colour: Commonly tan, brown, black, or occasionally pink.
- Texture: Can be flat or raised.
- Shape: Round or oval, with smooth or irregular edges.
- Size: Varies from a few millimeters to several centimeters.
- Location: Can appear anywhere on the body, including the face, arms, chest, or back.
What Nevus Signs Should Not Be Ignored?
Most nevi do not cause any symptoms and remain unchanged for years. However, certain signs should not be ignored.
Common signs of Nevus
- Dark or pigmented patch on the skin
- Smooth or rough surface
- Flat or slightly raised appearance
- Appears alone or in groups
- Usually painless and stable over time
What are the Different Types of Nevus?
Nevi, or moles, can appear in various forms. Each type has its own appearance, cause, and potential health concern. Understanding these types can help in identifying changes that may need medical attention.
Congenital Melanocytic Nevus (CMN)
These moles are present at birth and vary in size:
- Small: Less than 1.5 cm
- Medium: Between 1.5 and 20 cm
- Large or Giant: More than 20 cm
Larger CMNs carry a higher risk of developing into melanoma, a type of skin cancer. Regular monitoring is important, especially for large lesions.
Nevus of Ota
This type appears as bluish-gray patches on the face, especially around the eyes. It may also involve the whites of the eyes (sclera).
Though usually harmless, it can sometimes be associated with eye problems or an increased melanoma risk in rare cases.
Nevus Depigmentosus
These are light-colored patches of skin that remain unchanged over time. Unlike vitiligo, they do not spread or darken with sun exposure.
They are generally harmless and do not require treatment.
Nevus Anemicus
These are pale patches caused by reduced blood flow in the skin. They often go unnoticed and are typically benign.
They don't change in size or shape and usually don't need medical attention.
Nevus Sebaceous
- These are yellowish, hairless patches typically found on the scalp or face.
- They become more noticeable during puberty due to hormonal changes.
In some cases, they may develop into non-cancerous tumors and rarely into skin cancer, so evaluation is recommended.
What are the Common Causes and Risk Factors of Nevus?
Most nevi are caused by the overproduction of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin.
While many are harmless and appear naturally, certain triggers may lead to their development or increase the risk of changes.
Causes of Nevus
- Genetic mutations: In genes like NRAS or BRAF that influence skin cell growth.
- Hormonal changes: Especially during puberty or pregnancy, which can lead to new moles.
- UV exposure: Prolonged exposure to the sun or tanning beds can cause new nevi or changes in existing ones.
Risk Factors
If you notice a mole changing in size, colour, or shape or if new moles appear frequently, consult a dermatologist for evaluation..
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Get Second OpinionHow Is a Nevus Diagnosed?
Diagnosing a nevus usually starts with a visual examination by a dermatologist. Further tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis and rule out any serious conditions.
Common Diagnostic Methods
- Dermatoscopy: A handheld device is used to closely examine the mole's colour and pattern. It helps identify abnormal features without removing the mole.
- Biopsy: If a mole looks unusual or suspicious, a small sample may be taken and examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.
Our dermatology team is equipped with advanced diagnostic tools and trained in dermatoscopic evaluation to ensure accurate and early diagnosis of all skin lesions.
Difference Between Nevus and Mole?
Although the terms are often used interchangeably, a mole is a type of melanocytic nevus, typically round, even in color, and benign.
Other types of nevi, such as nevus sebaceous or nevus of Ota, may differ in appearance and require different forms of treatment or monitoring.
What are the Treatment Options for Nevus?
Not every nevus needs treatment. Many are harmless and can be left alone.
However, Treatment may be recommended if a mole poses a cosmetic concern or shows signs of potential risk (see When to See a Doctor).
When to See a Doctor?
You should be concerned and consult a dermatologist if you notice any of the following signs:
- A mole changes in size, shape, or color.
- It becomes itchy, painful, starts bleeding, or forms a crust or scab.
- It develops irregular or asymmetrical borders.
- A new mole appears after the age of 30.
- A mole looks very different from others on your body (also known as the "ugly duckling sign").
- You have a personal or family history of melanoma or atypical moles.
These changes can sometimes signal early skin cancer. Early evaluation helps ensure timely diagnosis and peace of mind.
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What is the Recovery Process After Nevus Treatment?
Recovery after treatment depends on the type of procedure used such as excision, laser therapy, or cryotherapy. Most treatments are safe and performed on an outpatient basis.
Post-treatment care includes
- Keeping the treated area clean and dry.
- Avoiding sun exposure to the healing skin.
- Follow the proper wound care instructions given by your doctor.
Follow-up and Monitoring
If the mole was biopsied or surgically removed, or if you have a history of atypical or large nevi, regular follow-ups are important.
Monitoring ensures early detection of any new or suspicious changes.
Healing time
- Most patients recover within 7 to 14 days after minor procedures.
- Any discomfort usually fades within a few days.
What Precautions Can Help Prevent Nevus?
While not all moles can be prevented, you can lower your risk of developing harmful skin changes with these simple precautions:
Daily skin protection tips:
- Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, even on cloudy days.
- Avoid going out during peak sun hours (10 AM to 4 PM).
- Wear protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats, and sunglasses.
- Never use tanning beds or artificial tanning products.
- Check your skin once a month for any new or changing moles.
- These habits not only protect you from new nevi but also reduce your risk of skin cancer and premature skin ageing.
Nevus Complications
Although most moles are harmless, some may lead to medical or cosmetic concerns. These include:
- Increased risk of melanoma, especially with large congenital or atypical nevi.
- Cosmetic discomfort, especially when moles appear on the face or visible areas.
- Emotional stress or anxiety related to skin appearance.
Monitoring your skin and staying informed can help manage these risks effectively.
Our Experience Treating Nevus
At Medicover Hospitals, we understand the concerns and questions patients have about moles and skin growths.
Our expert dermatologists combine compassion with clinical excellence to offer thorough evaluations, personalised treatments, and ongoing support.
Whether for medical reasons or peace of mind, we're here to help you care for your skin with confidence and care.
