What Is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? Causes, Symptoms

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), often referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a condition that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements. It is a complex disease that involves the gradual deterioration of these important cells.

While the exact causes of ALS are not fully understood, researchers believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may play a role in its development. By gaining a better understanding of the underlying causes of ALS, scientists hope to improve treatment options and ultimately find a cure for this challenging condition.

What Are the Symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Patients may experience difficulty walking, speaking, or swallowing. Fatigue and muscle cramps are common. As the disease progresses, individuals may have trouble with fine motor skills and may notice muscle atrophy.

ALS can also lead to respiratory problems. Early diagnosis is crucial for managing symptoms and providing support.

Muscle weakness: ALS can cause muscles to become progressively weaker over time, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks like walking, lifting objects, or even holding a cup.
Muscle twitching: Many individuals with ALS experience involuntary muscle twitching or fasciculations, which can be a common early sign of the disease.
Difficulty speaking or swallowing: ALS can affect the muscles used for speaking and swallowing, leading to slurred speech, difficulty forming words, or trouble swallowing food and liquids.
Muscle cramps and stiffness: People with ALS may experience muscle cramps and stiffness, which can be painful and make movement more challenging.

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Causes of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

The exact cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic mutations, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired protein metabolism are thought to contribute to the development of

ALS.

Some cases are also linked to exposure to toxins and certain viral infections, although more research is needed to fully understand the disease's causes.

Genetic mutations, such as mutations in the C9orf72 gene, have been identified as a significant cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).
Environmental factors, including exposure to toxins like lead or pesticides, have been associated with an increased risk of developing ALS.
Age is a known risk factor for ALS, with the majority of cases occurring in individuals between the ages of 40 and 70.
Certain autoimmune processes in the body may contribute to the development of ALS, although the exact mechanisms are still being studied.
Traumatic brain injuries, such as those sustained in sports or military combat, have been linked to an elevated risk of developing ALS later in life.

Types Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

There are two main types of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Sporadic ALS and Familial ALS. Sporadic ALS is the most common form and occurs randomly without a clear genetic link.

Familial ALS, on the other hand, is inherited and runs in families. Both types of ALS share similar symptoms and progression but have different underlying causes.

Sporadic ALS: This is the most common form of ALS, accounting for about 90-95% of all cases. It occurs randomly and has no clear genetic link, making it difficult to predict or prevent.
Familial ALS: In about 5-10% of cases, ALS runs in families due to inherited genetic mutations. Individuals with a family history of ALS have a higher risk of developing the disease, and genetic counseling may be recommended to assess the risk for relatives.
Bulbar-onset ALS: This type of ALS initially affects the bulbar region of the brain, which controls functions such as speech, swallowing, and chewing. Patients with bulbar-onset ALS may experience symptoms like slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, and weakened facial muscles early in the disease.

Risk Factors

The exact cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is unknown, but certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These include genetic mutations, advancing age, male gender, military service, and environmental factors like smoking and exposure to certain toxins. Research continues to explore the complex interplay of these risk factors in the development of ALS.

Age is a significant risk factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, with the majority of cases diagnosed in individuals between the ages of 40 and 70.
Genetics play a role in ALS risk, as approximately 5-10% of cases are inherited, with mutations in genes such as C9orf72, SOD1, and FUS increasing susceptibility.
Smoking has been identified as a risk factor for developing ALS, with smokers at a higher risk compared to non-smokers.
Environmental exposure to toxins, such as lead and pesticides, has been linked to an increased risk of developing Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

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Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

To diagnose Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), doctors perform a thorough physical exam, review medical history, and may order tests like electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS). Blood and imaging tests can help rule out other conditions.

There is no single test to definitively diagnose ALS, so it may take time to reach a diagnosis through a process of elimination and observation of symptoms.

Electromyography (EMG) is a common diagnostic test for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) that measures the electrical activity in muscles to detect nerve damage.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans can help rule out other conditions and provide detailed images of the brain and spinal cord in ALS patients.
Nerve conduction studies are conducted to evaluate the function of the nerves and muscles, aiding in the diagnosis of ALS by assessing how well electrical signals travel through the nerves.
Blood tests can be performed to rule out other conditions that may mimic ALS symptoms and to check for specific biomarkers associated with ALS.

Treatment for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Treatment for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may involve medications to alleviate muscle cramps, stiffness, and saliva build-up, as well as physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and mobility.

Speech therapy and assistive devices can help with communication difficulties, while breathing support may be necessary in later stages of the disease. Emotional support and counseling are also important aspects of ALS care.

Riluzole is a medication approved by the FDA for the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), which works by reducing the release of glutamate and slowing the progression of the disease.
Physical therapy can help ALS patients maintain mobility and independence by focusing on stretching exercises, strengthening muscles, and improving overall coordination.
Speech therapy is beneficial for individuals with ALS to address communication difficulties that may arise as the disease progresses, helping them maintain the ability to speak and swallow.
Assistive devices such as wheelchairs, communication devices, and adaptive tools can enhance the quality of life for ALS patients by compensating for physical limitations and promoting independence.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Are there specific signs that indicate Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

Common signs of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) include muscle weakness, twitching, and difficulty with speaking, swallowing, or breathing.

Are there specific things I should or shouldn't do when dealing with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

Yes, maintain a healthy diet, exercise within limits, get enough rest, consider physical therapy, and seek emotional support. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

Can Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis lead to other health issues?

Yes, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) can lead to other health issues such as difficulty breathing, muscle weakness, and speech difficulties.

How is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis typically managed?

ALS is managed with medications to manage symptoms, physical therapy to maintain mobility, speech therapy, and respiratory support as the disease progresses.